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LIBRARY 

OF  THK 

University  of  California. 

GIFT    OF 

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Class 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Arcinive 

in  2007  witii  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporati^on 


http://www.arcliive.org/details/firstbookingeogrOOfryeriGli 


FIRST  BOOK  IN 

GEOGRAPHY 


BY 


ALEXIS  EVERETT  FRYE 

First  Superixtexdevt  of  Schools  in  Cuba 

Author  of  "Brooks  and  Brook  Basins,"  "Child  and  Nature, 
"Geography  for  the  Philippines,"  "Geograf/a 
Elemental,"  "Grammar  School 
Geography,''  etc. 


GINN  AND  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


Aim.  The  aim  in  this  book  has  been  to  present  such  subjects  as  the 
author  wishes  his  own  Httle  son  to  know. 

Plan.  This  is  a  "  First  Book,"  telHng  the  story  ot  the  earth  as 
THE  HOME   OF  MAN.    The  pictures  show  how  fully  the  book  deals 

with  PEOPLE. 

Grade.  Pupils  ready  for  a  simple  third  reader  can  begin  the  study 
of  this  book.  The  text  is  graded  with  care,  and  leads  upward  by 
easy  steps. 

Scope.  This  work  covers  two  years  of  study.  One  year  may  be 
given  to  pages  1  to  68.  Teachers  may  enrich  the  course  by  oral 
lessons  on  nature  studies. 

Pictures.  This  is  the  most  richly  illustrated  schoolbook  ever  sent 
out  to  young  pupils.  The  pictures  are  the  highest  type  of  costly  wood 
engraving.  Nearly  all  subjects  are  photographs,  with  child  life  as  the 
central  thought.  To  pupils  of  this  age,  good  pictures  and  maps  often 
teach  more  than  text. 

Maps.  This  book  lays  much  stress  on  the  study  of  location  of 
important  places.  With  this  in  view  the  maps  have  been  made  very 
simple.  They  outline  boldly  the  facts  to  be  impressed  on  the  memory 
and  do  not  bury  them  in  myriads  of  details. 

Two  simple  devices,  both  as  old  as  maps  themselves,  are  used  to 
show  directions.  The  words  "  north,"  "  south,"  "  east "  and  ^^  west "  are 
plainly  printed  in  the  margins  of  the  colored  maps.  Little  compass 
arrows,  all  pointing  northward,  are  also  printed  at  instructive  points 
on  the  same  maps. 

By  turning  to  pages  70,  122  and  139,  and  finding  three  or  four 
arrows  on  each,  the  reader  can  see  how  useful  and  impressive  these 
devices  are.  May  we  not  also  think  of  the  little  child  and  assume  that 
he  will  get  a  better  lesson,  at  this  age,  from  the  arrows  and  the  words 
"  north,"  "  south,"  "  east "  and  "  west"  than  from  the  study  of  degrees, 
parallels  and  meridians  ? 

Helps.  After  each  lesson  will  be  found  questions  to  aid  in  the  study 
of  the  text.    The  questions  direct  the  mind  to  leading  thoughts. 

To  Teachers.    Kindly  read  with  care  the  notes  on  page  viii. 

CoPYKiOHT,  1910,  BY  Alkxis  Evkrett  P'kyk  •  Entekku  at  Stationers'  Hall 
911.1 


CONTENTS 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY 


The  Air 

The  AVATEit 

Forms  of  Water 

The  Soil 

How  Plants  Grow     .... 

Gardens     

Early  Vegetables     .... 

The  Dairy  Farm 

What  is  done  with  the  Milk- 
Making  Butter      

Hill,  Valley  and  Plain    . 
The  Wheat  Farm      .... 

The  Flour  Mill 

Sheep  and  Wool 

Making  AVoolen  Cloth      .     . 

In  a  Forest  

Mountains 

Volcanoes      

How  we  Trade 

Railroads 

Like  in  the  City 

Harbor  and  Port  .... 
Why  Seaports  Grow  .  .  . 
Why  Other  Cities  Grow  .     . 

l\)INrS    OK    THE    Co.MPASS 

Shore  Forms      

Factories 

Market  for  Goods  .... 
How  Bricks  are  Made  .     .     . 

Building  Stone 

Trade  of  a  Seaport      .     .     . 
Kinds  of  Work  in  a  City     . 
Why  L.\ws  are  M,\de    .     . 
Ta.xes  and  their   Uses  .     . 


AGK 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
G 


9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
15 
1(3 
17 
18 
20 
22 
22 
21 
2<j 
28 
28 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
34 
35 
36 
38 
38 
40 


PAGE 

The  Oceans 42 

How  Maps  are  Made 43 

Reading  Maps 44 

Poles  and  Equator 46 

The  Seasons 48 

The  Zones 48 

North  and  South  America   ...  52 

Asia  and  Europe 54 

Africa  and  Australia 55 

AVhere  Plants  Grow 56 

Fruits  and  Spices  ok  the  Torrid 

Zone 57 

Other  Plants  ok  the  Tohhid 

Zone 58 

Plants  ok  the  Warm  Belts  .  .  59 
Plants  ok  the  Cool  and  the  Cold 

Belts 60 

Animals 61 

Animals  ok  the  Zones 62 

The  Black  Race 64 

The  Red  Race 65 

The  Yellow  Race 66 


The  Brown  Race 
The  White  Race 
Government  .     . 


NORTH  AMERICA 


EARTH  AS  A  WHOLE 

FoR.M  AND  Size 

The  Continents 


41 
42 


Position 

Form  and  Seacoast  . 
Reliek  or  Surface  . 
Size  ok  the  Continent 

Rivers   

River  Basins 

Drainage 

Countries 

People  

Climate  and  Plants 
Animals 


66 
67 

68 


69 
72 
74 
74 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
82 


^09701 


IV 


UNITED  STATES 

PAGE 

Position  and  Size 83 

Form  and  Seacoast 84 

Western    Highland    and    Pacific 

Slope 84 

Eastern  Highland  and  Atlantic 

Slope 86 

Central  Plain 87 

Great  Lakes 89 

Climate 93 

GROUPS  OF  STATES 

How  States  Began 96 

Five  Groups  of  States  ....  96 
Middle  Atlantic  States  ....  98 
Cities    of    the    Middle    Atlantic 

States 99 

]N^ew  England  States 101 

Cities  of  New  England    ....  102 

Central  States 103 

Cities  of  the  Central  States  .     .  104 

Southern  States 106 

Cities  of  the  Southern  States    .  107 

Western  States 108 

Cities  of  the  Western  States      .  109 

Alaska 110 

Hawaii Ill 

Philippine  Islands Ill 

WEST  INDIES,  CANADA,  MEXICO 

West  Indies 112 

Canada 113 

Mexico  and  Central  America  .     .  113 


SOUTH  AMERICA 
The  Continent  .     .     .     .     . 


115 


Plants  and  Animals 118 


PAGE 

People 120 

Countries  and  Cities 120 

EUROPE 

The  Continent 124 

Heat,  Rain  and  Plants     ....  1*2.) 

Animals 127 

People 128 

British  Isles 128 

Middle  Europe 130 

Southern  Europe 132 

Russia,  Norway,  Sweden  ....  132 

ASIA 

The  Continent 134 

Heat,  Rain  and  Plants     ....  134 

Animals 136 

People 140 

China 141 

Japan 142 

India 142 

Other  Parts  of  Asia 144 

AFRICA 

The  Continent 145 

Heat,  Rain  and  Plants     ....  148 

Animals 149 

Northern  Africa 150 

Middle  and  South  Africa    .     .     .  151 

AUSTRALIA 

The  Continent 153 

Plants  and  Animals 154 

People  and  Cities 155 

Pacific  Islands 156 


INDEX 


XoTE.  —Where  map  and  text  pages  are  both  given,  the  map  pages  are  marked  thus,  101'^ 
main  topics  or  subjects  refer  to  Contents. 


For 


Africa  55,  145,  146°-151 
Alabama  95° 
Alaska  10°,  71,  110 
Albany  45,  95°,  100 
Aleutian  islands  71,  94° 
Alexandria  146°,  150 
Alps  21,  124°,  125,  153° 
Amazon  river  115,  116°,  118 
Amsterdam  122°,  130 
Andes  20,  115,  117° 
Appalachian  hijtjhland  72°,  73 
Arabia  139°,  144 
Argentina  116°,  121 
Arizona  94° 
Arkansas  95° 
Arkansas  river  89,  94° 
Asia  54,  134-139°-144 
Athens  122°,  132 
Atlanta  95°,  107 
Atlantic  slope  72°,  73,  88° 
Australia  25,  55,  129,  152°-155 
Austria-Hungary  122°,  131 


B 


Baffin  bay  70 ^  71 
Bahama  islands  97° 
Jialtimore  70°,  100 
Jiarcelona  122°,  132 
Bav  of  Bengal  139° 
Bay  of  Fundy  95° 
Belgium  122°,  130 
Bering  sea  71,  94° 
Bering  strait  53,  94° 
Berlin  122°,  131 
Bermuda  islands  70° 
"Big  trees"  108,  109 
Bogota  116°,  120 
Bolivia  116°,  120 
Bombay  139°,  143 
Borneo  144,  152°,  154,  156 
Boston  70°,  95°,  102 
lirazil  116°,  121 
British  Isles  122°,  128,  129 
Brooklyn  95°,  99 
Brussels  122°,  130 
Buenos  Aires  116°,  121 
Buffalo  95°,  99 
Butte  94° 


Cairo  146°,  150 
Calcutta  139°,  143 
California  94° 


Callao  116° 
Canada  70°,  113,  129 
Canton,  China  139°,  141 
Cape  Canaveral  84,  95° 
Cape  Cod  84,  95° 
Cape  Farewell  70°,  71 
Cape  Fear  84,  95° 
Cape  Flattery  84,  94° 
Cape  Hatteras  95° 
Cape  Horn  116° 
Cape  May  84,  95 
Cape  Mendocino  84.  94° 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  146°,  151 
Cape  Prince  of  Wales  71,  94° 
Cape  Sable  84,  95° 
Cape  Town  146°,  151 
Caracas  116°,  121 
Caribbean  sea  70°,  71 
Cascade  range  72°,  84,  88° 
Caspian  sea  124,  139° 
Caucasus  mts.  124° 
Central  America  70°,  114 
Central  states  94°,  95°,  96,  97°, 

103-105 
Ceylon  139°,  142 
Charleston,  95° 
Chesapeake  bay  84,  95° 
Cheyenne  94° 
Chicago  70°,  92,  104,  105 
Chile  116°,  121 
China  25,  139°.  140,  141 
Christiania  122°,  133 
Cincinnati  95°,  105 
Cleveland  95°,  105 
Climate  48,  49,  80,  93,   118, 

125,  134,  148,  154 
Coast  range  72°,  84 
Coffee  121,  144 
Colombia  116°,  120 
Colorado  94° 

Colorado  river  77,  85,  94° 
Columbia  river  77,  84,  94° 
Columbus  95° 
Connecticut  95° 
Constantinople  122°,  132 
Continents  42 
Copenhagen  122°,  130 
Cotton  59,  106,  142,  150 
Cuba  70°,  71,  112 


Danube  river  122°,  124 
Darling  river  152°,  153 
Davis  strait  70°,  71 


Delaware  95° 

Delaware  bay  84,  95° 

Denmark  78,  122°,  130 

Denver  94°,  109 

Des  Moines  95° 

Detroit  95°,  105 

District    of    Columbia ;     see 

D.C.  95° 
Dublin  122°,  129 

£ 

East  Indies  144 
Ecuador  116°.  120 
Edinburirh  122°,  129 
p:gypt  146°,  150 
England  122°,  129 
Erie  canal  99,  100 
Eskimos  47,  50,  80,  111 
Europe  54,  122°-133 


Fiji  islands  152°,  156 
Florida  71,  95° 
Forms  of  government  68 
France  122°,  130 


Galveston  84,  95°,  107 

Ganges  river  139°,  142,  143 

Genoa  122° 

Georgia  95° 

Germany  122°,  130,  131 

Gibraltar  122° 

Glasgow  122°,  129 

Government  68 

Grand  divisions ;  see  Conti- 
nents 

Great  Basin  72°,  85,  88°,  108 

Great  Britain   129 

Great  Central  plain  72°,  73,  87 

Great  Lakes  72°,  89 

Great  Salt  lake  94°,  108 

Greece  122°,  132 

Greenland  70°,  71,  78 

Groups  of  states  96,  97° 

Guiana  116°,  121 

Gulf  Coast  plain  73 ;  see 
Southern  plain 

Gulf  of  California  70°,  71 

Gulf  of  Mexico  70°,  71 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  70°,  71 


VI 


Haiti  70°,  112 
Halifax  70° 
Hamburg  122°  131 
Hartford  95°,  102 
Havana  70°,  112,  113 
Hawaii  42°,  111 
Heat  belts  48,  49° 
Hemispheres  42°,  43° 
Himalayas  138° 
Holland  122°,  125,  130 
Hongkong  139°,  141 
Honolulu,  in  Hawaii  42°,  110 
Hudson  bay  70°,  71 
Hudson  river  95°,  99 
Hungary  122°,  131 


Iceland  78,  122° 

Idaho  94° 

Illinois  95° 

India  129,  139°,  140,  142,  143 

Indiana  95° 

Indianapolis  95°,  105 

Indians  65,  79,  120 

Indo-China  139°,  140,  144 

Iowa  95° 

Ireland  38,  122°,  128,  129 

Italy  122°,  132 


Jamaica  70°,  112 
James  river  95°,  101 
Japan  23,  139°,  140,  142 
Java  130,  144,  152° 
Jersey  City  95°,  99 


Kansas  94° 

Kansas  City  95°,  105 

Kentucky  95° 

Kongo  145,  146°,  148,  151 

Korea  139°  142 


Labrador  72° 
Lake  Champlain  95°,  101 
Lake  Erie  92,  95° 
Lake  Huron  92,  95° 
Lake  Michigan  92,  95° 
Lake  Ontario  92,  95° 
Lake  Superior  92,  95° 
Lake  Titicaca  116°,  120 
La  Paz  116°  121 


Liberia  146°,  151 
Lima  116°,  121 

Lisbon  122°,  132 
Liverpool  122°,  129 
London  122°,  129 
Long  Island  95° 
Los  Angeles  94°,  110 
Louisiana  95° 
Louisville  95° 
Lower  California  70°,  71 
Lumbering  18,  19,  104,  106 
Lyon  122°,  130 


Madagascar  146° 
Madrid  122°,  132 
Magellan  strait  116° 
Maine  95° 
Mammoth  cave  104 
Manila  112,  139° 
Maps  43-46 
Marseille  122° 
Maryland  95° 
Massachusetts  95° 
Mediterranean  122°,  124 
Melbourne  152°,  155 
Memphis  95°,  106,  107 
Mexico  70°,  113,  114 
Michigan  95° 
Middle  Atlantic  states  95°,  96, 

97°,  98-101 
Milwaukee  95°,  105 
Minneapolis  95°,  105 
Minnesota  95° 
Mississippi  95° 
Mississippi  river  77,  95°,  106 
Missouri  95° 

Missouri  river  72°,  77,  89 
Mobile  84,  95° 
Mocha  139°,  144 
Montana  95° 
Montevideo  116°,  121 
Montreal  70°,  113 
Morocco  146° 
Moscow  122°,  133 
Mt.  Logan  94° 
Mt.  McKinley  72,  94° 
Mt.  Mitchell  86 
Mt.  St.  Elias  72,  94° 
Mt.  Shasta  94° 
Mt.  Whitney  73,  94° 
Mountains  20,  21 
Murray  river  152°,  153 

N 

Nagasaki  139°,  142 
Naples  122°,  132 


Nashville  95° 

Natural  Bridge  86 

Nebraska  94° 

Negrito  48 

Negro  64,  80,  151 

Netherlands ;  see  Holland 

Nevada  94° 

New  England  95°,  96,  97°,  101 

Newfoundland  70°,  71 

New  Guinea  152°,  156 

New  Hampshire  95° 

New  Haven  95° 

New  Jersey  95° 

New  Mexico  94° 

New  Orleans  95°,  107 

New  York  26-28,  45,  95°,  99 

New  York  state  95° 

New  Zealand  152°,  154,  156 

Niagara  92,  95° 

Nile  146°,  150 

North  America  52,  69,  70°-82 

North  cape  122° 

North  Carolina  95° 

North  Dakota  94° 

North  sea  122° 

Norway  122°,  133 

Nova  Scotia  70°,  71 


Oceans  42,  43 

Odessa  122°,  133 

Ogden  94° 

Ohio  95° 

Ohio  river  89,  95° 

Oklahoma  94° 

Omaha  95° 

Oregon  94° 

Orinoco  river  116°,  118 

Ottawa  95° 


Pacific  slope  73,  88°,  108,  109 

Panama  53,  72°,  114 

Para  116°,  121 

Paraguay  116°,  121 

Paris  122°,  130 

Peking  139°,  141 

Pennsylvania  95° 

People  64-67,  79, 120, 128, 140, 

150,  155 
Persia  139°,  144 
Peru  116°,  120 
Philadelphia  70°,  95°,  100 
Philippine  islands  111,  139° 
Pikes  peak  73,  94°,  109 
Pittsburg  95°,  100 


Vll 


Plata  river  116°,  118 
Portland  94°,  110 
Porto  Rico  70°,  112 
Portugal  122°,  132 
Potomac  river  95^  101 
Prairies  72°,  87,  108 
Pribilof  islands  94° 
Providence  95°,  102 
Piijiet  sound  70°   108 


Quebec  70° 
Quito  110°,  120 


Races  of  men  04-67 

Railroads  24,  25 

Raleigh  95° 

Red  river  89,  94° 

Red  sea  144,  146° 

Rhijie  122°,  124 

Rhode  Island  95° 

Rhone  122°,  124 

Richmond  95\  101 

Rio  de  Janeiro  110\  121 

R()chesteV95\  99 

Rocky  mt.  highland  72°,  84 

Rome  122°,  132 

Roumania  122° 

Russia  13,  122°,  132,  131P 


Sacramento  river  84,  94° 

Sahara  145,  146°,  150 

St.  Lawrence  river  71,  92,  95° 

St.  Louis  95°,  105 

St.  Paul  95°,  105 

St.  Petersburg  122°,  133 

Salt  Lake  City  94°,  108 

Samoa  152°,  156 

San  Antonio  94° 

San  Francisco  70°,  94°,  110 

San  J(>a<}uin  river  84,  94° 

San  Juan,  in  Porto  Rico  70°, 
112 

Sandwieh  islands ;  see  Ha- 
waii 42° 

Santa  Fe  94° 

Santiago  116°,  121 


Santo  Domingo  72° 

Savannah  95°,  107 

Scale  of  maps  4() 

Scotland  122°,  129 

Seaports  28,  29,  36 

Seattle  94°,  110 

Selvas  117°,  118 

Siam  139° 

Siberia  136,  139°,  140 

Sicily  122° 

Sierra  Nevada  72°,  84,  88° 

Silk  126,  130,  135,  136, 141, 142 

Singapore  139° 

Snake  river  84,  94° 

"  Soo"  canal  92 

South  America  52.  11'),  lur- 

121 
South  Carolina  95° 
South  Dakota  94° 
Southern  plain  72°,  73 
Southern  states  95°,   96,  97°, 

106,  107 
Spain  122°,  132 
Spices  57,  144 
SiX)kane  94° 
Springfield  95° 
States,  groups  of  96,  97° 
Stockholm  122°,  133 
Sudan  146°,  148,  151 
Suez  canal  146°,  150 
Sugar  58,  106,  131 
Sumatra  152°,  130,  144 
Sweden  122°,  ViS 
Switzerland  122°,  131 
Sydney  152°,  155 
Syracuse  95°,  99 


Tacoma  94° 

Tasmania  152° 

Tea  59,  141,  142 

Tennessee  95° 

Texas  94° 

The  Hague  122° 

Tibet  134,  138° 

Tokyo  139°,  142 

Toledo  95° 

Topeka  95° 

Transvaal  146° 

Trenton  95°,  98 

Tunis  146° 

Turkey  122°,  132,  139°,  144 


U 


United  States  83-90°,  91°,  94°, 

95°-112 
Uruguay  116°,  121 
Utah  94° 


Valparaiso  116°,  121 
Vancouver  71,  94° 
Venezuela  116°,  121 
Venice  122° 
Vermont  95° 
Vienna  122°,  131 
Virtrinia  95° 
Volga  river  122°,  124 


W 

Wales  122°,  129 
Washington,  city  78,  95°,  100 
Washington,  state  94° 
Welland  canal  92 
Wellington  152° 
AVest  Indies  70°,  112 
West  Virginia  95° 
Western  highland  ;  see  Rocky 

mt.  highland 
Western   states  94°,  96,  97°» 

108,  109 
White  sea  122° 
Wilmington  95° 
Winnipeg  94° 
Wisconsin  95° 
Wyoming  94° 


Yangtze  river  139°,  141 
Yellow  river  139°,  141 
Yellow  sea  139° 
Yellowstone  park  94°,  108 
Yokohama  139°,  142 
Yosemite  108 
Yucatan  70°,  71 
Yukon  river  72°,  110 


Zambezi  146° 
Zones  48,  49°  67-63 


NOTES  FOR  THE  TEACHER 


To  find  a  general  subject,  see         As  each  map  is  studied,  give  a 
CONTENTS.    To  locatc  a  place,  use     simple   drill    in   directions.     Read 


INDEX.    To  pronounce 
a  name,  see  word  list. 

The  relief  maps 
on  pages  75,  117, 
123, 138, 147  and 
153  are  all  on  the 
same  scale.      Use 
these  maps  to  give 
simple    ideas    of 
comparative  size. 

One  of  the 
chief  facts  to  im- 
press  about  a 
state  or  group  of 
states  is  its  posi- 
tion among  other 

states.  This  book  ^  '^^  °^^°  ""^^^'^  ^''  *^°* 

holds  to  the  United   States  as  a 


what  the  preface  says  about 

MAPS. 

Never  pass  a  picture 
without    learning 
something  from  it. 
Notice  that  dress 
and  homes   often 
impress  a  lesson 
on   the  climate. 
Study,  for  exam- 
ple, the  plant  map 
on  page  118,  and 
note  how  many 
scenes  from  life 
are  there  located. 
Teachers    will 
welcome  the 
HELPS  after  each  lesson,  and  the 


unit,  in   a  single  map  (pages  94-     fact  that  the  answers,  except,  of 
95).    This  is  clearly  the  best  plan     course,  where  reference  is  to  a  map, 


of  study  for  pupils  of  the  age  for 
which  this  book  is  written. 

The  little  round  or  globe  maios 
are  ever  at  hand  in  this  book  to 
show  relative  positions  of  conti- 
nents and  oceans  on  the  earth  and 
in  the  zones.  Keep  up  simple  drill 
and  review  on  these  maps. 


are  to  be  found  without  the  noisy 
turning  of  pages. 

Never  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
the  pupil  must  locate  in  some 
simple  way  —  as,  near  a  seacoast, 
lake,  river,  or  in  its  state  or  coun- 
try —  every  name  given  in  the 
text  of  this  book. 


White  boys  who  live  in  a  cold  land 


FIRST  BOOK  IN  GEOGRAPHY 


GEOGRAPHY 

We  live  on  a  ball.  It  is  very 
large.    We  call  it  the  earth. 

The  land  is  part  of  the  earth. 
The  water  also  is  part  of  it.  The 
earth  has  air  on  all  sides. 

This  book  tells  about  the  earth. 
It  shows  us  many  pictures. 

See  the  boys  with  warm  coats. 
They  live  in  a  cold  land.  They  like 


to  sUde  on  tlie  snow.  We  shall 
read  about  tlie  land  they  live  in. 
It  is  far  away. 

The  red  man  is  an  Indian.  He 
has  a  gun  and  a  pony.  He  shoots 
also  with  a  bow. 

This  book  tells  about  the  people 
of  many  lands.  It  tells  what  they 
do.    It  shows  their  homes. 

Geography  is  a  story  about  the 
earth  and  its  people. 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY 


1.  The  Air 

Can  you  feel  the  air? 
Swing  your  hand  in  it. 

Look  up  into  the  sky 
on  a  clear  day.  The 
blue  sky  we  see  is  air. 

We  live  and  move 
in  air.  When  we  walk, 
we  move  the  air  as  a 
boat  moves  water. 

We  must  have  air 
to  breathe.  A  bit  of 
food  in  the  windpipe 
chokes  us.  It  shuts 
out  the  air. 

A  person  chokes 
under  water  if  he  can- 
not rise  to  the  air.  We 
call  this  drowning. 

Bugs  need  air.  They 
find  it  even  in  the 
ground.  Plants  also 
must  have  air. 

Clouds  float  in  the 
air.  They  show  us 
which  way  the  wind 
blows.  Smoke  and  dust 
also  show  us  how  the 
wind  blows. 

The  wind  is  moving 
air.    It  is  often  very 


These  little  people  live  in  a  land 

where  warm  winds  blow  and 

warm  rain  falls 


These  people  live  where  cold 
winds  blow  and  snow  falls 


strong  in  storms.  It 
blows  down  trees  and 
houses. 

Air  at  rest  is  calm. 

The  wind  brings 
clouds,  which  often 
turn  to  rain.  The  wind 
may  come  from  cold  or 
from  warm  places.  It 
gives  us  cold  days  or 
warm  days. 

We  do  not  know 
how  high  the  air  is 
above  us,  but  we  know 
it  is  very  high.  Clouds 
show  us  that. 

Far  up  in  the  sky 
there  is  only  a  little  air 
and  it  is  very  cold. 

It  is  hard  to  breathe 
on  high  mountains. 
There  is  not  enough 
air. 

The  air  has  many 
other  uses.  It  helps 
birds  to  fly.  It  moves 
ships.  It  turns  wind- 
mills. It  makes  waves 
on  water. 

Airships  sail  far  up 
in  the  cool  air. 


Helps  :  —  Can  you  see  the  air  ?  Can 
you  feel  it  ? 

When  does  food  choke  us  ?  Why  ? 
What  is  drowning  ?  Why  do  not  bugs 
choke  in  the  ground  ? 

How  can  you  tell  which  way  the  wind 
blows,  far  up  in  the   sky  ?     How   do 
winds   help   to   cause 
rain  ?    How  else  may 
they  affect  the  days  ? 

What  is  wind  ? 
What  is  a  calm  ? 

How  do  we  know 
that  the  air  is  very 
high  ?  How  do  we 
know  that  far  up  there 
is  not  much  air  ? 

Name  all  the  uses 
of  air  you  can  think  of. 

2.  The  Water 

Water  has  many 
uses.  We  could  not 
live  without  it. 
Part  of  our  blood 
is  water. 

Water   helps  us 
to  keep  things  clean.   We  bathe  in 
it  and  wash  things  in  it. 

Fish  breathe  air,  but  not  as  we 
do.  There  is  air  in  water,  but  not 
enough  for  us.  Fish  have  gills  to 
take  air  from  water.  They  die  if 
their  gills  are  dry. 

Listen,  boys.  You  know  that  it 
hurts  to  stop  the  breath  even  for 
a  short  time.    When  you  take  a 


fish  out  of  the  water,  its  gills 
begin  to  dry.  The  poor  little 
thing  begins  to  choke.  It  cannot 
breathe.  For  a  long  time  it  gasps 
and  suffers.   At  last  it  dies. 

Never  catch  a  fish  except  to  eat. 
If  you  catch  one, 
kill  it  at  once.  Hit 
it  a  hard  blow  on 
the  top  of  the  head. 
Do  not  let  it  gasp 
and  choke. 

Some  water  sinks 
into  the  ground.  It 
runs  down  to  the 
roots  and  seeds.  Do 
you  know  what 
work  it  does  ? 

If  plants  cannot 
get  water,  they  dry 
up  and  die.  Water 
carries  food  to  the 
roots.    It  goes  into 

Waiting  for  the  fishing  boat  to  come  in    ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^ 

The  sap  runs  up  to  the  buds.  It 
swells  and  opens  them.  Some  are 
leaves.    Others  are  blossoms. 

Helps  :  —  What  are  the  uses  of  water 
in  the  home  ? 

Where  are  the  gills  of  a  fish  ?  Find 
out  all  you  can  about  the  way  fish 
breathe.  Why  can  we  not  breathe  under 
water  ? 

Of  what  use  is  water  to  plants  ? 


3.  Forms  of  Water 

We  have  all  seen  the  little  cloud 
from  a  hot  kettle.  The  cloud  is 
steam  or  vapor.  So  are  the  large 
clouds  up  in  the  sky.  Vapor  rises 
from  water.    It  is  "  water  dust." 

Have  you  seen  fog?  It  is  a 
cloud  near  the  earth.  Most  of  the 
clouds  are  high  in  the  air. 


A  brook  is  a  small  stream  flowing  over  the  land 


When  clouds  are  cold  enough, 
they  turn  to  rain.  It  falls  in 
drops.    Rain  is  fresh  water. 

Most  of  the  rain  on  the  land 
forms  brooks  and  rivers.  A  brook 
is  a  small  stream  flowing  over  the 
land.  A  river  is  like  a  brook/  but 
larger. 

Water  often  stands  in  hollows. 


1  Small  brooks  are  also  called  branches ; 
large  brooks  may  be  called  creeks.  These 
names  are  often  used  in  the  South. 


A  small  body  of  water  in  a  hol- 
low is  a  pond.  A  lake  is  like  a 
pond,  but  larger.  Ships  sail  on 
some  lakes. 

Most  of  the  ponds  are  wide 
places  in  brooks.  Most  lakes  are 
wide  places  in  rivers. 

Many  rivers  flow  to  the  ocean. 
This  is  a  great  body  of  salt  water. 
It  covers  about  three 
fourths  of  the  earth. 
We  also  call  it  the  sea. 
We  see  water  in 
many  forms.  We  see 
it  in  drops  of  dew  on 
cool  grass.  We  also 
see  it  frozen  in  the 
form  of  ice,  hail,  frost 
or  snow. 

Water  has  a  great 
many  uses.  It  floats 
ships.  It  turns  wheels 
In  the  form  of  ice,  or 
frozen  water,  we  skate  on  it.  As 
snow,  we  run  sleds  over  it. 

Can  you  think  of  any  other 
uses  of  water  ? 

Helps : — Where  do  clouds  come  from  ? 
What  are  they  ?    What  is  fog  ? 

What  is  rain  ?  When  does  it  form  ? 
Where  does  it  go  ?  What  part  of  it  do 
plants  get  ? 

What  is  a  brook  ?  —  a  river  ?  —  a 
lake  ?  Where  do  many  ponds  and  lakes 
form? 


for  mills. 


To  what  body  of  water  do  many  rivers 
flow  ?  What  is  the  sea  or  ocean  ?  How 
large  is  it  ? 

Name  some  of  the  forms  of  frozen 
water.  What  are  some  of  the  uses  of 
water? 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  ice ;  —  of 
snow. 

4.  The  Soil 

We   know    that   wood   rots  or 
decays.    Rocks   also   decay, 
but  not  so  fast.    They  crum- 
ble to  sand  and  dust. 

The  wmd  blows  dust  and 
sand  about,  llain  washes 
them  here  and  there.  Swift 
brooks  push  them  along.  In 
many  ways  they  are  broken 
finer  and  finer. 

Frost  cracks  rocks.  This 
helps  them  to  decay.  It  lets 
in  the  air  and  rain.  Roots 
pry  off  pieces. 

Fine  rock  dust  is   soil. 
Plants    grow    in   it.     Often 
they   die    and   decay  in  it. 
Bugs  and  worms  dig  in  it  and  die. 
In  this  way  rich  soil  is  formed. 
It  is  made  of  rock  dust,  with  the 
things  that  die  in  it. 

Poor  soil  has  but  little  plant 
food.  Soil  that  has  much  plant 
food  is  rich  or  fertile. 

All  rocks  are  not  alike.  They 
cannot   form    the    same    kind    of 


soil.  The  rock  dust  may  be  sand 
or  clay. 

Some  plants  grow  best  in  sandy 
soil.  Some  like  clay  soil.  Most 
plants  grow  best  in  soil  that  lets 
the  rain  creep  in. 

When  plants  die  they  give  back 
food  to  the  soil.  They  decay  and 
mix    with    the    soil.    This   makes 


;^  lock  decays  to  forii 


dark  loam.  It  is  rich  soil  for 
most  plants. 

Helps :  —  Break  up  a  pebble  with  a 
hammer.  Look  closely  at  the  rock  dust. 
What  crumbles  rocks  ? 

What  is  soil?  What  is  jjoor  soil? 
What  is  rich  soil  ?  What  helps  to  make 
soil  fertile  ? 

Why  is  not  all  soil  alike  ?  Name  two 
kinds  of  soil.    What  is  loam  ? 


5.  How  Plants  Grow 

Have  you  seen  the  eyes  on  a 
potato?  If  not,  look  for  them. 
Do  they  not  look  like  real  little 
eyesi? 

Cut  off  a  thick  piece  of  potato. 
Be  sure  there  is  a  good  eye  on  it. 


Where  tall  corn  grows  in  deep,  rich  soil 

Put  it  in  damp  ground  and  a  plant 
will  grow.  Sprouts  push  up  to  the 
light  and  air.  Others  grow  into 
the  ground  and  form  roots. 

The  top  sends  out  leaves  and 
blossoms.  But  the  part  we  eat 
grows  on  the  roots. 

Dig  down  under  the  plant.  Here 
are  several  large  potatoes.  They 
pay  us  well  for  the  work  and  caxe. 

So  we  may  plant  a  kernel  of 
corn.  A  tall  stalk  will  grow  and 
bear  long  ears.    We  may  plant  a 


bean  and  get  from  it  long  pods 
full  of  beans.  The  seeds  from  one 
melon  will  raise  quite  a  garden  of 
melons. 

Where  do  plants  get  food  to 
make  all  these  things  grow?  It 
comes  from  the  soil,  the  water  and 
the  air.  The  sun 
also  helps  plants 
to  grow. 

Helps:  —  Name 
some  things  that 
grow  in  gardens. 

Can  you  think 
why  a  stone  cellar  is 
warmer  in  winter 
than  a  shed  ? 

You  can  plant  a 
piece  of  potato  at 
home.  It  will  teach 
you  a  great  deal. 
What  does  this  les- 
son say  about  the  potato? 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  corn.  When 
you  have  a  chance  look  at  an  ear  of  corn. 
It  is  very  pretty. 

What  do  plants  feed  on  ?    Where  do 


the  plants  get  food 


6.  Gardens 

"Sweet  corn!  Green  peas! 
String  beans  !  Vegetables  !  "  This 
is  a  cry  we  often  hear  in  the  cities. 
Men  and  boys  are  selling  truck 
from  gardens. 


People  in  cities  have  very  little     There  are  tools,  milk  pails,  shoes, 
room   for   gardens.     Most  of  the     clothes,  flour,  salt,  sugar  and  toys. 


Vegetables, 
fruits  and  honey 


gardens  are  in  the  country.  But  Helps :  — Why  are  there  few  gardens 
it  is  best  to  have  the  gardens  near  in  cities  ?  What  kinds  of  vegetables  do 
a  city.    Can  you  think  why  ?  you  like  ?   What  is  a  market  garden  ? 

Name  all  the  things 
you  can  that  grow  in 
gardens. 

Men  often  gather 
the  corn,  peas  and 
other  good  things 
late  in  the  day.  They 
load  them  on  wagons. 
Then  they  start  in 
the  night  for  the 
city,  so  as  to  reach 
the  markets  early. 
The  garden  stuff  ar- 
rives fresh  and  firm. 

The    wagons    do    not    go    back  Tell  how  to  get  garden  stuff  fresh  to 

empty.  They  carry  many  things  market.  Garden  stuff  is  "  truck."  What 
that  do  not  grow  in  our  gardens,      may  wagons  carry  to  the  farms  ? 


Boys  hauling  seaweed.    They  put  it  in  the  gardens.   It  rots 
and  makes  the  soil  rich 


8 


7.  Early  Vegetables 

How  glad  we  are  when  spring 
comes  !  We  like  to  see  the  flowers 
bloom,  and  we  like  the  fruits  and 
vegetables. 

At  first  a  few  come  to  market. 
Many  people  wish  to  buy  them. 
This  makes  the  price  high. 

Early  gardens  pay  well.  This 
is  how  men  start  them.  Early  in 
the  spring  the  ground  is  cold. 
Seeds  will  not  start  well  in  it,  so 
the  soil  and  seeds  are  put  in  boxes 
with  glass  covers.  These  are  set 
in  warm  places  in  the  sunshine. 

The  glass  lets  the  sunshine  in 
and  helps  to  keep  the  heat  in. 

These  boxes  are  hotbeds.  They 
keep  the  soil  warm.  Thus  the  seeds 
get  an  early  start  in  the  spring. 

You  have  seen  a  mousetrap. 
Hotbeds  are  heat  traps.  The  sun- 
shine is  caught  in  them. 


In  the  spring  the  soil  of  the  gar- 
dens is  broken  up.  At  last  there 
is  no  fear  of  frost.    Then  the  tiny 


Herd  of  fine  dairy  cattle.   They  give  rich  milk 


An  Arab  and  his  camel.   The  camel  gives  milk 
to  people  living  in  a  great  desert 

plants  of  the  hotbeds  are  set  in  the 
gardens.  They  keep  on  growing, 
and  thus  we  get  early  vegetables. 
Seeds  are  also  sown 
in  the  gardens  for  the 
later  vegetables. 


Helps  :  —  Why  is  it  hard 
to  get  fresh  vegetables  in 
the  winter  ?  Why  must  the 
price  be  high  ? 

Why  can  men  get  a  good 
price  for  early  garden  stuff  ? 
Why  do  they  not  sow  seeds 
early  in  gardens  ? 


9 


The 


Describe  a  hotbed.  Why  may  we  call 
it  a  trap  ?  On  which  side  of  a  barn  or 
hill  would  you  place  hotbeds  ? 

How  do  hotbeds  help  us  to  get  early 
garden  stuff  ?  Why  do  we  not  need  to 
use  hotbeds  to  raise 
late  vegetables  ? 

8.  The  Dairy  Farm 

A  farm  is  larger 
than  a    garden. 
Some     farms     are 
many  miles  long  and  wide. 
Most  farms  are  not  so  large. 

Some  farms  raise  only  com 
or  wheat.  Some  raise  cotton. 
To-day  we  will  visit  a  milk 
or  dairy  farm. 

The  large  field  is  a  pasture. 
Grass  grows  all  over  it.  Here  the 
cows  feed  back  and  forth. 

Part  of  the  pastm-e  is  low.  In  it 
runs  a  cool  Ijrook. 
The  cows  come 
here  to  drink. 
They  need  clean 
water  just  as  much 
as  we  do.  And  they 
like  to  drink  it. 

On  hot  days  the 

cows  like  to  stand 

.-.  T  T       Going  after  milk 

m   the   pond   and 

chew  their  cuds.    The  water  feels 

cool,  and  it  helps  to  keep  the  flies 

off  their  legs. 


Part  of  the  pasture  runs  up 
among  the  hills.  In  places  there 
are  groups  of  trees.  Here  the 
cows  rest  in  the  shade  when  the 
sun  is  very  hot. 


yak  gives  milk  to  people  in  parts  of  Asia 

Over  the  fence  is  the  hay  field. 
A  long  winter  is  coming  and  the 
cows  must  then  be  fed  in  the  barn. 
The  clover  and  tall  grass  will  be 
cut  to  make  hay. 

The  farm  boy  never  makes  the 
cows  run.  It  might  hurt  them  and 
make  blood  come  in  the  milk. 

Helps  :  —  What  does  the  lesson  say 
about  the  size  of  farms  ? 

What  other  name  is  given  to  milk 
farms  ?  Tell  all  you  can  about  the  pas- 
ture. Why  do  we  not  wish  the  cows  to 
drink  dirty  water  ? 

Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  cuds 
the  cows  chew. 

Find  out  why  hay  must  be  dried  be- 
fore it  is  put  in  the  barn. 


10 


9.  What  is  done  with  the  Milk 

Now  the  clean  milk  cans  are 
set  out.  The  men  take  pails  and 
begin  to  milk. 

The  cans  of  warm  milk  are  set 
in  a  long  box  of  water  to  cool. 
This  helps  to  keep  the  milk  from 
souring. 

When  the  night  is  warm,  the 
cows  are  left  in  the  big  barnyard. 


Round  and  round  go  the  churns 

Here  they  stay  till  the  morning 
milking  is  over.  Then  they  go 
back  to  the  pasture. 

This  farm  sends  its  milk  to  a 
city.  It  goes  on  a  swift  morning 
train.  Many  wagons  meet  the 
train.  They  take  the  cans  and 
hurry  away  to  leave  the  milk  at 
homes,  at  hotels  and  other  places. 

Some  farms  send  milk  in  glass 
bottles  to  cities.  The  bottles  look 
cleaner  than  cans. 


Milk  cans  and  pails  must  be 
kept  very  clean.  One  of  the  men 
tells  us  how  he  cleans  them.  He 
rinses  them  with  cold  water.  Then 
he  washes  them  with  washing 
powder  in  warm  water. 

Next  he  rinses  them  with  hot 
water.  Then  he  lets  hot  steam 
blow  into  each  can  for  about  a 
minute.  At  last  he  puts  them, 
bottom  up,  on  poles  or 
wooden  pins  to  dry. 

Do  you  know  why  this 
man  washes  the  cans 
with  so  much  care?  He 
loves  his  own  boys  and 
girls  and  he  knows  that 
dirty  milk  may  kill 
many  boys  and  girls  in 
the  city.  He  knows  also 
that  weak  little  babies 
must  drink  the  milk. 
Now  we  see  why  cows  and  milk 
need  care  and  must  be  kept  clean. 

Helps  :  —  Can  you  name  some  of  the 
kinds  of  meat  we  get  from  cattle  ?  — 
from  hogs  ?  —  from  sheep  ?  What  is 
leather  ? 

Why  is  milk  strained  ?  How  often 
are  cows  milked  ?  Why  are  cans  of  new 
milk  often  put  in  cool  water  ? 

How  is  the  milk  sent  from  the  farm 
to  the  city  homes  ?  How  ought  cans  and 
pails  to  be  cleaned  ?  Why  must  they  be 
cleaned  with  such  care  ? 


11 


10.  Making  Butter 
Many  farms  sell  their  milk  to 

be   made   into   butter   or   cheese. 

As  butter  is  made  of  cream,  the 

place  where  it  is  made  is  called  a 

creamery.   Let  us  look  into  one. 
Cream  is  lighter  than  the  rest  of 

the  milk 

and    rises 

to  the  top. 

We    can 

skim  off 

the  cream. 

put  it   ill 

a    churn, 

shake  it  a- 

vvhile  and 

take  out 

two  things: 

one  is  the 

butter  and 

the   other 

is  the  but- 
termilk. These  machines 

The  same  work  is  done  in  a 
creamery,  but  in  another  way. 
The  milk  is  put  in  machines  that 
turn  swiftly.  They  take  the  cream 
from  the  heavy  part  of  the  milk. 
The  heavy  part  is  skim  milk. 

The  cream  stands  for  some 
time.  Then  it  is  put  into  great 
churns.  They  turn  and  turn  for 
half   an  hour  or   more.    Then   a 


man  lets  the  buttermilk  run  out. 
The  butter  is  left. 

Now  the  man  takes  a  paddle 
and  works  the  butter.  That  is, 
he  rolls  it  over,  presses  it,  washes 
it  with  water,  presses  it  again  and 
tries  to  get  out  all  the  buttermilk. 


separate  cream  and  skim  milk 

He  may  also  mix  a  little  salt  with 
it  or  he  may  leave  it  fresh. 

The  butter  may  now  be  put  in 
boxes  or  tubs  for  market.  It  may 
be  cut  in  squares  or  sent  in  rolls. 

Helps :  —  What  may  be  made  from 
milk  ?    What  is  a  creamery  ? 

Why  does  cream  rise  to  the  top  of 
milk?  What  is  buttermilk?  What  is 
skim  milk  ?    Tell  how  butter  is  made. 


12 


11.  Hill,  Valley  and  Plain 
On  the  milk  farm  we  saw  that 
the  land  was  not  all  alike.  Some 
parts  were  high  and  some  parts 
were  low.  There  were  hills,  hol- 
lows and  level  land. 

A  hill  is  high  land.  Some  hills 
are  as  high  as  houses.  Others  are 
higher  than  the  tallest  houses. 


Some  valleys  are  small.  Others 
are  wide  and  deep.  Some  plains 
are  so  wide  that  a  swift  train  of 
cars  cannot  cross  them  in  a  day. 

Rain  and  brooks  wash  much  of 
the  fine  soil  from  the  sides  of  hills. 
But  water  runs  slowly  on  level 
land.  Here  the  soil  is  not  washed 
so  easily.    It  is  left  for  plants. 


A  hill,  a  range,  a  plain,  a  valley  and  a  brook.   The  brook  flows  in  the  valley 


A  row  of  hills  is  a  range.  The 
picture  shows  a  range  of  hills. 

Did  you  ever  climb  a  hill  ?  What 
did  you  see  from  its  top  ? 

Water  runs  down  the  sides  of 
hills.    It  runs  into  the  low  land. 

A  valley  is  low  land.  Some  val- 
leys are  between  hills.  The  picture 
shows  a  valley.  Its  bottom  is  level. 

Level  land  is  a  plain.  A  brook 
flows  across  this  plain.  It  flows 
from  the  hills. 


This  shows  why  most  of  the 
farms  are  on  plains.  Most  of  the 
people  in  the  world  live  on  plains. 
Here  they  find  the  best  soil  and 
can  raise  the  things  they  need. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  hill  ?  What  is  a 
range  of  hills  ?  What  is  a  valley  ? 
Where  have  you  seen  a  hill  and  a  valley  ? 

What  is  a  plain?  How  large  are 
some  plains  ? 

Why  is  there  more  rich  soil  in  val- 
leys than  on  the  sides  of  hills  ? 


13 


A  river  liows  in  Liie  vciiiey.    CciLiic  liivc  Lu  wauc  lU  the  cool  water 
It  helps  to  keep  off  the  flies 

Why  are  most  of  the  farms  in  the 
world  on  plains  ?  Why  do  most  of  the 
people  in  all  the  world  live  on  plains  ? 

12.  The  Wheat  Farm 

The  snow  has 
all  left  the  fields. 
Spring  has  come. 
The  farmers  are  at 
work,  plowing  to 
break  up  the  soil. 

Bring  out  the 
bags  of  wheat. 
Look  at  the  little 
kernels.  Each  is  a 
seed. 

Scatter  the  seeds 
over  the  field.  Let 
the  harrow  turn 
a  little  soil  over 
them. 


Now  the  ground 
is  seeded.  Rainy 
days  come.  Then 
the  warm  sun 
shines.  The  seeds 
wake  up  and  begin 
to  grow. 

Fine  roots  like 

hairs    creep  down 

in    the   deep   soil. 

Green  blades  push 

their   way   up    to 

the  light.    The 

stalks  grow  taller 

and  taller.    The  wind  sways  them 

hke  waves.  All  smnmer  the  grain 

grows.  Heads  of  new  grain  form 

at  the  top  of  the  stalks. 


This  girl  is  gathering  wheat  by  hand  on  a  great  plain 
far  over  the  sea  (Russia) 


14 


At  last  the  grain  is  ripe.  Great 
machines  cut  it  and  tie  it  in  bun- 
dles. Let  them  stand  in  the  field 
and  dry. 

Now  comes  the  machine  to 
thresh  the  grain.  "To  thresh" 
means    to    ivhip    or    strike.    The 


Winter  snow  may  cover  it  like  a 
blanket.  Then  the  plants  make  an 
early  start  in  the  spring.  As  the 
wheat  is  in  the  ground  all  winter, 
it  is  called  ivinter  ivheat. 

Wheat  is  to  us  the  most  useful 
of  all  the  grains  in  the  world. 


At  last  the  grain  is  ripe.  Sheaves  of  wheat  on  a  wide  plain  in  the  Northwest. 
Machines  cut  it  and  tie  it  in  bundles 


machine  whips  off  the  seeds  very 
quickly. 

Out  goes  the  straw.  There  lies 
the  wheat.  Put  it  in  bins  or  sacks. 
It  is  ready  to  go  to  the  mill,  to  be 
made  into  flour. 

Some  wheat  is  sowed  in  late  sum- 
mer or  early  fall.  It  starts  to  grow 
if  the  ground  is  warm  and  moist. 


Helps  :  —  How  does  the  farmer  get 
the  land  ready  for  sowing  wheat?  Do 
you  know  how  a  grain  of  wheat  looks  ? 

What  is  needed  to  make  seeds  grow  ? 
Where  do  the  new  seeds  form  ? 

How  do  men  thresh  wheat  ?  How  is 
it  threshed  on  large  farms  ? 

What  do  we  call  the  stalks  after 
taking  off  the  grain  ?  What  is  winter 
wheat  ? 


15 


13.  The  Flour  Mill  coats.    These  coats  are  the  hulls. 

Now  we  will  go  to  a  flour  mill.     They  must  not  get  into  the  flour. 
It  is  a  large  building  near  high 


Steam  softens  the  hulls  so  that 


falls  in  a  river.  The 
river  is  swift. 

The  water  turns 
great  wheels.  Water 
power  is  cheap,  but 
rivers  may  run  low. 
Then  steam  may  be 
used. 

Cars  and  boats  of 
wheat  are  run  close  to 
the  mill.  The  grain  is 
taken  into  the  mill  and 
the  flour  making  begins. 

Other  seeds  may  be 
mixed  with  the  wheat 
in    the    field.     These 


they  will  not  crumble. 
Now  the  wheat  can 
be  run  between  rollers 
to  crush  it.  Over  and 
over  it  is  rolled  to 
make  it  finer.  The 
hard  parts  are  sifted 
out.  The  fine  wheat 
powder  is  flour. 

Some  flour  is  made 
of  the  whole  grain 
except  the  hull.  The 
whitest  flour  is  made 
of  only  the  inside  of 
the  kernels. 

The    flour    is    now 
might    taste    bad    in  ^""^"^^^  ^"'^  """^  ready  for  market.    It 

flour.  So  the  grain  is  put  into  a  ma-     may  be  sold  in  sacks  or  barrels. 


Brown  people  pounding  rice  to 
remove  the  hulls 


chine  that  takes  them  out.  It  also 
passes  between  brushes  to  clean  it. 


The  old  wav 


)i  p 


'reat  iaims 


now  use  steam  plows 

Now   the    seeds  of   wheat   are 
clean,  but  they  still  have  on  tough 


Helps :  —  Why  are  mills  built  near 
falls  ?  Why  may  such  mills  need  steam  ? 

How  may  other  seeds  become  mixed 
with  w^heat  ?  What  harm  might  they 
do  ?    Why  is  the  wheat  brushed  ? 

What  are  the  hulls  ?  Why  are  the 
grains  steamed?  How  is  the  wheat 
crushed?  How  are  the  tough  parts 
taken  out  ? 

What  is  wheat  flour  ?  How  is  the 
finest  flour  made  ?  How  is  flour  put  up 
for  market  ? 

Find  out  what  things  that  you  eat 
have  flour  in  them.  Find  out  how  bread 
is  made,  and  what  is  put  in  it. 


16 


14.  Sheep  and  Wool 

There  are  many  kinds  of  wild 
sheep.  They  do  not  hke  woods  or 
low  lands.  They  like  to  live  in 
high  places.  They  even  climb 
rough  mountains. 

The  air  far  up  on  mountains  is 
cold.  Perhaps  this  is  why  sheep 
have  warm  wool.  Long 
ago  all  sheep  were  wild. 
People  tamed 
some  of 


Sharing  her  warm  shawl  with  the  lamb 

them,  to  have  their  wool,  meat 
and  skins.    Some  lambs  are  pets. 

Even  the  tame  sheep  like  to 
feed  in  hilly  places.  They  can 
jump  quite  high,  like  wild  sheep. 

Wool  is  oily.  The  oil  sheds  the 
rain  from  the  sheep. 

Wool  is  made  of  fibers.  They 
look  like  hair.  We  use  wool  to 
make  warm  cloth. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  little  girl 


and  a  lamb.  The  lamb  gave  its 
wool  to  help  make  a  warm  shawl. 
A  cold  day  has  come.  The  wool 
has  grown  again,  but  the  girl 
thinks  the  lamb  may  be  cold.  So 
she  goes  out  to  share  the  shawl 
with  her  pet. 

Wool  grows  thick  and  long  in 
winter.  Can  you  think  why  ? 
In  the  spring  the  wool  is 
clipped.    But  first  the  sheep 
are  washed.    Then  their  feet 
are    tied    and   men 
clip  off  the  wool.  It 
is    sold   to   make 
cloth,   hats,    socks, 
carpets  and  many 
other  things. 

Lambs  not  a  year 
old  have  very  fine 
wool.  It  is  sold  as 
lamb's  wool  and 
brings  a  high  price. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  sheep. 
Some  have  long,  fine  wool. 

Helps  :  —  Where  do  wild  sheep  hke 
to  five  ?  Why  do  they  need  warm  wool  ? 

Why  did  people  long  ago  tame  sheep  ? 
Why  does  wool  grow  oily  ? 

What   story  does  the  picture  tell  ? 

When  is  wool  clipped?  Tell  about 
clipping  it. 

What  is  said  about  the  wool  of  little 
lambs  ?  What  kind  of  wool  is  best  ? 
Name  some  things  made  of  wool. 


17 


15.  Making  Woolen  Cloth 

Wool    often    goes   to   the   mill 
dirty   and   oily.     Steam    may   be 


Sheep  grazing 

blown  through  it  to  help  clean  it. 

The  wool  is  then  dried.  If  it 
is  dried  too  much,  it  will  not  feel 
soft  and  smooth. 

AYool  may  come  to  the  mill 
in  lumps.  It  is  put  in  a  machine 
that  has  moving  teeth.  They  pull 
the  wool  apart  and  leave  it  light 
and  fluffy. 

If  the  wool  is  stiff,  a  fine  spray 
of  oil  is  blown  over  it.  The  oil 
softens  it. 

Next  the  wool  is  carded  in  a 
machine.    It  has  many  teeth  like 


a  comb,  but  finer.  The  wool  gath- 
ers on  the  teeth,  like  hairs  on  a 
comb.  In  this  way  the  fibers  are 
made  to  lie  one  way.  Brushes  take 
them  off. 

A  machine  twists  the  wool  into 
yam.  This  is  wound  on  great 
spools. 

Pull  a  piece  of  woolen  cloth  apart 
and  see  how  it  was  made.  You 
will  find  that  the  yams  cross  one 
another.  Follow  a  thread  and  see 
how  it  goes  over,  under,  over, 
under. 

Putting  threads  or  yarn  together 
in  this  way  is  weaving.  Mills  have 
machines  that  weave  the  cloth. 

Other  fibers  are  used  to  make 
cloth.    The  most  useful  is  cotton. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  how  wool  is  cleaned  in 
mills.    How  is  it  made  soft  and  fluffy  ? 

How  do  men  card  wool? 
Why  do  they  card  it  ?  How 
is  the  yarn  made  ? 


Some  kinds  of  sheep  have  very  long  wool 

What  is  weaving?    Name   a  plant 
fiber  used  in  making  cloth. 


18 


16.  In  a  Forest  In  the  North  men  go  into  the 

Name  some  things  madeof  wood,     forests  in  the  fall  to  work.    First 

Do  you  know  where 

wood  comes  from? 
Each  kind  of  tree 

has  its  own 

kind    of 

wood.  We 


Logs  ready  to  float  down  to  a  sawmill 


they  lay  out  a  camp. 
The  houses  are  made  of 
logs.  The  picture  shows 
one  of  them.  It  is  used 
for  a  cookhouse.     See 


have  hard  woods  and  soft  woods,     the  cook  with  the  white  apron. 
Oak,  ash  and  maple  are  hard.    Pine         Near  it  is  a  large  room  with 
and  spruce  are  two  soft  woods.  long  tables.    Here   the   men    eat. 

The  other  houses 

are  for  sleeping. 

Winter  comes. 

Many    trees    are 

now    cut    down. 

Great  sleds  may 

be  used   to  drag 

the  logs  over  the 

snow  to  the  rivers. 

Here  they  are 

piled  on  the  banks 

^^^^^    or  rolled  on  the 

Oxen  hauling  a  heavy  log  river  ice. 


19 


In  some  places  the  logs  are 
hauled  on  cars  to  rivers.  In  the 
South,  where  it  is  warm,  great 
wheels  or  cars  are  used  in  place 
of  sleds. 

Spring  comes.  The  days  grow 
warm.  The  ice  melts  in  the  rivers. 
Rain  falls  and  the  snow  melts. 
The  streams  are  high  and  strong. 

The  logs 
float  do\\Ti 
the  swift 
rivers. 

Men  go 
along  to 
keep  them 
out  in  the 
stream. 
The  men 
often  slip 
into  the 
cold  ^^'ater. 

Atthnes  Loading  logs  on 

the  logs  jam  and  stop.  The  logs 
behind  push  on  and  pile  up.  Now 
the  men  must  be  careful.  They 
may  be  crushed  when  the  logs 
start  again. 

At  last  the  logs  reach  the  saw- 
mill. They  float  till  the  mill  is 
ready  to  use  them.  Then  they  are 
hauled  out  of  the  water.  Great 
saws  cut  them  into  boards.  Thick 
boards  are  planks. 


The  w^ood  may  be  sawed  into 
many  shapes.  There  are  shingles 
and  the  trimmings  for  houses. 

Much  of  the  spruce  w^ood  is 
ground  to  a  soft  pulp  and  made 
into  paper.  Paper  is  also  made 
from  other  kinds  of  plants. 

Men  have  cut  down  many  trees 
to  clear  the  land  for  farms.    In 


cars  to  haul  out  of  the  woods 

many  hilly  lands  and  mountains 
there  are  large  forests. 

Helps  :  —  Xaiiie  some  of  tlie  trees  you 
have  seen.  How  can  you  tell  pine  wood 
from  oak  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  al)Out  making  a 
logging  camp.  AVhy  are  roads  built? 
"Why  do  men  float  logs  down  rivers  ? 

Tell  about  the  work  of  getting  logs 
to  sawmills.  Why  do  not  the  logs  float 
down  in  winter  ?  What  swells  the  rivers 
in  spring  ? 


20 


Mountains  tar  south  of  us  (Andes)  with  snow  on  their  sides.   The  llamas  carry  loads 
to  miners.   High  peaks  are  bare  and  rocky 


17.  Mountains 

A  mountain  is  very  high  land. 
It  is  higher  than  a  hill.  Some 
mountains  have  round  tops.  Others 
have  sharp  tops.  The  top  of  a 
mountain  higher  than  the  land 
about  it  is  a  peak. 

High  peaks  rise  far  up  in  the 
frosty  air.  Some  are  buried  in 
snow  and  ice. 

Grass  and  trees  grow  on  many 
low  mountains.  Very  high  peaks 
are  bare  and  rocky. 


In  some  mountains  the  rocks 
are  bent.  Other  mountains  are 
made  of  level  beds  of  rock. 

"Water  slowly  cuts  away  the 
sides  of  mountains.  The  rocks 
crumble  to  soil.  Most  of  it  is 
washed  away.  In  places  the  rocks 
are  left  bare. 

A  row  of  mountains  is  a  range. 
A  low  place  over  a  range  is  a 
pass. 

Few  people  live  on  mountains. 
The  land  is  too  rough.    Roads  are 


21 


hard  to  make.  Some 
people  go  to  the 
mountains  for  their 
health.  The  air  is 
pure  and  they  like 
to  live  in  the  pines. 

Gold,  silver  and 
iron  come  from 
rocks.  They  coniL' 
from  many  moun- 
tains. 

This  little  boy 
lives  near  higli 
mountains.  Yon 
can  see  them  ovii 
his  home.  Hi- 
father  is  a  huntei . 
He  has  brougln 
home  a  deer.  Tin 
boy  will  have  soni* 
of  the  meat  to  eat. 

Many   wild   ani- 


Low  mountains  with  rounded  tops  (White)  mountains 


mals  live  in  the 
mountains.  Here 
they  try  to  hide 
from  men  who  hunt 
them. 

No  man  with  a 
brave  and  kind 
heart  will  kill  for 
sport.  He  may  kill 
for  food.  All  the 
animal  has  is  its 
life.  We  ought  not 
to  take  that  except 
in  case  of  need. 

Helps  :  — What  is  a 
mountain  ?  How  does 
it  differ  from  a  hill  ? 
What  is  a  peak  ? 

What  is  said  about 
very  high  peaks  ?  — 
about  low  peaks?  What 
is  a  range  ?  Why  do 
fewpeopleliveon 
mountains  ?  Why 
do  sick  people  go 
to  the  mountains  ? 
Name  three 
metals  that  come 
from  rocks.  Name 
some  of  the  uses 
of  iron; — of  gold; 
—  of  silver. 

What  makes 
many  wild  ani- 
mals go  to  the 
mountains  ? 


22 


A  volcano  sending  out  smoke  at  its  top  and  low  down  on  its  sides.   This  cone  is  made  of 

lava  and  ashes  (Philippines) 


18.  Volcanoes 

Smoke  and  steam  rise  from  some 
peaks.  Melted  rock  also  flows  from 
them.    Such  peaks  are  volcanoes. 

The  melted  rock  is  lava.  Very 
fine  lava  is  ashes.  Some  peaks  are 
made  of  lava  and  ashes.  They 
come  out  of  a  hole  or  crater. 

The  word  "crater"  means  cuj). 
The  hole  is  often  shaped  like  a  cup. 

A  volcano  does  not  send  out  fire. 
The  hot  lava  may  shine  on  the 
clouds  and  make  them  look  like 
fire. 

Lava  rock  crumbles  slowly,  like 
other   rock.    When   it   is    fine   it 


makes  good  soil.    Some  of  the  best 
farms  in  the  world  have  lava  soil. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  volcano  ?  What 
comes  from  volcanoes  ?  What  does 
"  crater  "  mean  ? 

19.  How  we  Trade 

A¥e  need  many  things  we  can- 
not raise  or  make.  We  do  not  wish 
to  go  far  away  to  other  lands  to 
buy  them.  We  go  to  a. store  for 
them. 

But  where  do  stores  get  things 
that  grow  far  away?  The  goods 
come  in  ships  to  cities  on  the  coast. 
Such  cities  are  ports.    From  the 


:"ip. 


ports  the   goods   are   sent  to  the 
stores. 

Thus  the  farmer  may  have  more 
milk  and  garden  stuli'  than  he  can 
use.  He  is  glad  to  sell  part.  A  mill 
is  glad  to  sell  shoes,  cloth,  tools  or 
lumber. 

It  is  the  same  with  people  of 
other  lands.  They  are  glad  to  sell 
what  they  do  not  need. 

One  land  far  away 
sends  us  tea  and  silk. 
We  send  back  coal  oil 
and  cloth.  Another 
sends  us  sugar.  We  send 
back  cloth  and  tools. 

Buying  and  selling 
is  trade.  When  trade 
is  large  and  with  places 
far  away,  we  call  it 
commerce. 

Let  us  study  some  of 
the    things    that     help 
trade.     First    come    good    wagon 
roads. 

A  farmer  wishes  to  haul  a  load 
to  market.  He  knows  how  strong 
his  horses  are.  He  thinks  of  the 
road.  If  it  is  steep  or  muddy,  the 
load  must  be  small.  A  rough  road 
may  break  the  wagon. 

If  the  road  is  firm  and  smooth, 
with  gentle  grades,  the  horses  can 
haul  large  loads. 


A  good  road  helps  horses.  They 
work  hard  for  only  what  they  get 
to  eat  and  for  a  place  in  the  stable. 
A  bad  road  may  ruin  many  good 
horses.  It  may  hurt  their  feet, 
strain    them   or   overwork   them. 

Farmers  can  help  by  putting 
wide  tires  on  wheels.  Wide  tires 
do  not  cut  a  road  very  much. 


Ox  cart  loaded  with  rice  going  to  market  in  a  city  of  Japan 
On  this  smooth  road  the  little  ox  can  haul  a  heavy  load 


Helps:  —  Why  must  we  buy  at  stores  ? 
Where  do  the  stores  get  tea,  coffee  and 
other  goods  ?    What  is  a  port  ? 

What  do  farmers  sell  ?  What  do  they 
buy  ?  What  do  peojile  in  other  lands 
sell  ?    What  do  they  buy  ? 

AVhat  is  trade  ?    What  is  commerce  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  need  for 
good  roads.  How  can  we  pay  horses  for 
their  hard  work  ? 

Who  pays  for  roads  '/  ^Vhy  should 
heavy  wagons  have  wide  tires  ?  Do 
wide  tires  pay  ? 


24 


20.  Railroads 

Once  upon  a  time  there  was  grass 
all  over  a  plain.  Many 
cattle    fed   there. 
Each  year  men 
drove  the  fat 
cattle   far 
a  way  to  mar- 
ket. The  cat- 
tle  had   to 
walk  all  the 
way. 

The  soil 
was  rich  but 
only  grass 
grew  in  it. 
Wheat  would 
grow   there, 


but  the  market  was  too  far  away. 
There  was  no  railroad.  It  would 
not  pay  to  haul  wheat  so  far  in 
wagons.  So  the  people  kept 
on  raising  cattle,  for  they 
could  walk  to  market 

.  At   last  a  rail- 
road was   built. 
Here 


was  a  way  to  send  grain  far  away 
to  cities.  Most  of  the  cattle  were 
sold.  Golden  grain 
soon  waved  in  the 
fields.  This  plain 
is  now  one  of  the 
richest  wheat  regions 
in  the  world.  The  rail- 
road helped  to 
make  it  rich. 
Without  the 
railroads 
some  pla- 
ces could 
not  send 
milk  to 
the  cities. 
The  milk 
would  all 
sour  before  the  wagons  could  reach 
the  homes  of  the  little  children. 


Ship  with  freight  on  a  deep  canal  (England) 


Swift  train  that  carries  people  from  city  to  city 


25 


Goods  are  also  carried  on  lakes, 
rivers    and    canals.     Many   cities 


Slow  freight  where  labor  is  cheap.   Hauling  chests  of  tea  in  China 

grow  up  along  such  water  routes. 
Ships  carry  loads  far  across  the  sea. 

Goods  can  be  sent  cheaper  by 
water  than  by  rail.  The  steel  rails 
are  costly.  So  are  long 
bridges  over  rivers.  The 
ocean  is  level,  but  trains 
must  often  go  up  long 
grades.  In  some  places 
two  or  three  engines  must 
be  used  on  a  single  train. 

Some  goods  must  go 
by  rail.  It  w^ould  not  do 
to  send  milk,  fresh  meat 
and  fresh  vegetables  very 
far  on  boats,  unless  they 
are  kept  cool  with  ice. 

Coal,  bricks,  lumber, 
grain  and  oil  can  go  by 


slow  boats.   Of  course  such  things 

can  also  go  by  rail. 

In  some  dry 
lands  goods  are 
sent  on  the  backs 
of  camels. 

Helps :  —  How 
may  a  railroad 
change  people's 
work  ?  Of  what  use 
are  railroads  ?  Can 
you  think  why  cities 
i,a'ow  up  on  good 
water  routes  ? 

Why  can  goods 
be  sent  cheaper  by 
water  than  by  rail  ?  Name  some  goods 
that  ought  not  to  be  sent  very  far  by 
water  unless  they  are  iced.  Name  some 
goods  that  can  go  by  slow  boat. 


Camel 


lands  (Western  Australia) 


26 


21.  Life  in  the  City 

Now  for  a  trip  to  the  city.  Let 
lis  go  to  New  York.  It  is  a  very 
large  city.  The  tall  houses  look 
like  high  walls.  They  are  made 
of  brick  and  stone.  How  hard  the 
streets     are ! 


^t '*'!!%.       AMi 

What  a  noise 

1     the  cars  and 

ms><^M^^^KK^ 

r    wagons  make! 

^^^^■^^^ 'oB^^IJ 

P     There    are 

^^M\          ft            \^ 

cars    on  the 

^        # 

street,    cars 

^%^^" 

over  it,  and 
cars  under  it. 

Park  donkey 

Do  boys  and 

girls  live  here,  with  no  big  bams 
and  green  fields  ? 

Yes;  they  live  here  and  are 
happy.  They  play  ball,  spin  tops, 
roll  hoops,  snap  marbles,  swim, 
skate,  play 
house  with 
pretty  dolls 
and  make 
mud  pies. 

This    part 


Elephant  mother  and  her  baby 


Spotted  deer  in  a  park 

of  New  York  is  called  the  East 
Side.  It  would  take  a  long  time 
to  count  the  school  children  in  one 
square  mile.  They  could  join  hands 
and  reach  thirty  miles. 

Some    days    they   play   in   the 
parks.    They  hear  the  bands  play 
and  they  see  many  pretty  flowers. 
In  the  parks  they  also  see  cages 
of  lions,  tigers,  elephants, 
monkeys  and  many  other 
wild   animals.     There    are 
houses    filled    with    pretty 
birds  from  lands  far  away. 
A  large  house  in  one  park 
has  seals  and  fishes.    They 
swim  in  pools  or  tanks.  The 
seals  scream  as  they  splash 
in  the  water.    Lazy  alliga- 
tors lie  in  other  pools.   Only 
the  tips  of  their  noses  are 
out  of  water. 


27 


You  should  see  the  fishes.   There     and  watch  the  ships.  In  school  they 
are  almost  every  form  and  color,     learn  what  the  great  ships  carry. 
Some  can  change  color  while  you         As  the  boys'  and  girls  grow  up, 


are  looking  at  them. 

There  are  pretty 
sponges.  They 
grow  on  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea. 
And  there  are  red 
and  white  coral. 
They  also  grow  on 
the  sea  bottom. 

Then  there  are 
the  shop  windows. 
Here  we  may  see 
all  kinds  of  toys. 
There  are  boats, 
cars,  dolls,  guns, 
engines,  and  toy 
dishes.  There  are 
so  many  other 
things  we  can  hardly 
count  them. 

It  is  fun  to  go  down 
to  the  water  front. 
Every  day  great  ships 
sail  in  and  out.  Some 
come  from  far  over 
the  ocean.  They  bring 
goods  and  people  from 
the  other  side  of  the 
world. 

The  boys  like  to  go 
down  to  the  wharves 


{^ 


some  work  in  stores,  others  work 
in  shops  or  mills. 

Some  young  men 
learn  to  care  for 
and  drive  horses. 
Others  run  cars 
and  engines. 


Sponge  from  the  sea  bottom 


A  queer  fish  from  the  deep  sea 


Coral  from  the  sea  bottom 


Helps  :  —  Do  you 
know  how  to  play  all 
the  games  named  in 
this  lesson  ?  Which 
of  the  animals  named 
have  you  not  seen  ? 

Have  you  seen  any 
toys   in  a  shop  win- 
dow ?     What  toy  do 
you  like  best  ?  Why  ? 
How  does  a  steam- 
ship   differ    from    a 
sailing    vessel  ?    What 
moves  each  ? 

What  are  some  of  the 
kinds  of  work  done  by 
peojile  in  cities  ?  What 
kind  of  work  would  you 
like  best  to  do  ? 

The  teacher  will  show 
you  on  a  map  where  the 
city  of  New  York  is.  It 
is  on  the  east  side  of  the 
great  land  we  live  in. 
The  city  is  close  by  a 
wide  ocean  on  which 
ships  sail. 


28 


22.  Harbor  and  Port  to  anchor.    It  is  an  easy  place  for 

Some  cities  grow  near  the  coast,  them  to  handle  freight. 

Let  ns  see  why.  New  York  has  such  a  harbor. 

People  often  wish  to  send  goods  It  is  deep  and  wide.   Gales  cannot 

away  on  ships.    They  also  wish  to  drive  strong  waves  into  it.    Ships 


bring  goods  on 
ships  from  other 
lands.  Men  try  to 
find  the  best  places 
for  the  ships  to  load 
and  unload. 

The  water  must 
be  deep  so  that  the 
ships  will  not  strike 
bottom.  It  must 
not  be  too  deep  to 
anchor  in.  It  is  bet- 
ter if  the  deep  wa- 
ter reaches  close  to 
the  shore.  The 
ships  can  then  lie 
beside  the  wharves. 
This  makes  it  easy 
to  load  and  un- 
load. 

High  waves  may 
sink  ships.  Strong 
winds  may  drive 
them  ashore.  In 
some  places  arms  of  land  shut  out 
the  waves.  Hills  help  to  ward  off 
gales. 

A  body  of  water  like  this  is  a 
harbor.   It  is  a  safe  place  for  ships 


Children  of  other  lands  like  to  go  down 
to  the  wharves  where  boats  come  in 


Tell  all   you 


can  go  in  and  out 
easily.  The  water  is 
deep  close  to  the 
wharves.  The  larg- 
est ships  can  lie  be- 
side them  to  load. 

A  city  by  a  har- 
bor is  a  port.  The 
ocean  is  often  called 
the  sea.  A  port  by 
the  sea  is  a  seaport. 
New  York  is  the 
largest  seaport  in 
our  country. 

Helps:  — Why  do 
we  need  seaports  ? 
Why  must  the  water 
in  a  harbor  be  deep  ? 
Can  it  be  too  deep  ? 

Why  is  it  better  if 
deep  water  lies  close  to 
shore  ?  Tell  what  else 
is  needed  for  a  good 
harbor.  What  is  a  har- 
bor ? 
can  about  New  York 


harbor.    What  is  a  port  ?  —  a  seaport  ? 
23.  Why  Seaports  Grow 
Some  seaports  are  at  the  mouths 
of  rivers.    The  mouth  of  a  river  is 


29 


the  part  that  empties  into  the  sea  goods  from  other  lands.   Then  they 

or  other  water.   It  is  the  lower  end  supply  stores  not  in  seaports, 

of  a  river.  Railroads  help   ports  to   grow, 

If  a   river   is    deep   and  wide,  just  as  rivers  do.    The  cars  carry 
ships  can  go  far  inland.    Such  a 
river  helps  a  port  to  grow. 


Boats  that  go  up  and  down 

The  towns  and  cities  along  the 
river  can  use  the  one  great  port  at 
the  mouth.  They  can  send  goods 
on  boats  down  to  the  port.  Boats 
can  also  bring  back  goods  that 
come  from  other  lands. 

The  river  trade  calls  for  more 
ships,  wharves  and  men  in  the 
seaport.  These  men  must  have 
homes.  Workmen  move  there  to 
build  them.  Stores  of  all  kinds  are 
needed.    The  stores  can  easily  get 


the  longest  river  in  the  world 

freight  and  people  to  and  from  the 
ports.  Many  people  come  to  trade 
in  large  ports. 

If  quick  trains  run,  people  can 
work  in  the  port  and  live  in  the 
country.    Thus  the  suburbs  grow. 

Helps:  —  What  is  the  mouth  of  a 
liver  ?  How  does  it  help  a  seaport  to 
be  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  ? 

Why  do  cities  grow  along  deep  rivers 
leading  to  large  ports?  How  do  such 
cities  help  the  seaports  to  grow  ? 


30 


24.  Why  Other  Cities  Grow 

We  have  read  about  a  mill  by  a 
waterfall.  Some  falls  turn  wheels 
for  many  mills.  People  are  needed 
for  the  mills. 

They  must  have  homes  and 
stores.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  cities 
grow  near  high  falls  in  rivers. 

It  is  also  easy  to  see 
why  cities  grow  along 
deep   rivers.    They 
can  trade  by  boats 
with  one 
another. 
The  boats 
may  even 
go   down 
to  ports 
by  the  sea. 
Then  the 
cities  can 
trade  with  ^^^®  steamship  uses  the 

lands  far  over  the  sea. 

Some  lakes  are  very  large.  They 
are  like  great  inland  seas.  They 
reach  out  to  farms,  forests  and 
mines.  Great  ships  gather  up  the 
products.  Large  ports  grow  by 
such  lakes. 

There  are  five  such  lakes  near 
the  northern  border  of  our  country. 
They  are  called  the  Great  Lakes. 
A  canal  and  a  river  connect  them 
with  the  city  of  New  York. 


Chicago  is  far  inland  on  one  of 
these  lakes.  It  is  the  largest  lake 
port  in  the  world.  It  also  has 
many  railroads. 

Many  cities  grow  where  railroads 
meet  lakes  or  rivers.  Goods  may 
then  be  sent  by  boat  and  by  rail. 
The  trade  area  is  larger.  Cities 
also  grow  where  rivers  meet. 
Cities  grow  on  railroads, 
just  as  on 
rivers.  It 
is  easy  to 
carry  on 
ti^e.  The 


compass  to  find  its  way  across  the  ocean 

growth  is  faster  if  many  railroads 
meet  in  one  city.  Can  you  tell  why  ? 

Helps  :  —  Why  do  cities  grow  near 
falls  in  rivers  ?  Why  do  they  grow 
along  deep  and  wide  rivers  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  Great  Lakes  ? 

Find  out  what  canal  joins  these  lakes 
with  the  Hudson  river.  How  has  this 
canal  helped  New  York  to  grow  ? 

What  is  said  about  Chicago?  How 
has  the  Erie  canal  helped  Chicago  to 
grow  ? 

Why  do  cities  grow  near  railroads  ? 


31 


\\'liy  do  they  grow  where  railroads  meet 
lakes  or  rivers  ?  —  where  one  river  flows 
into  another  ? 

Find  out  what  makes  your  own  city 


WEST 


or  town  grow. 


25.  Points  of  the  Compass 

Sailors  find  their  way  far  across 
the  sea.  They  must 
know  where  north, 
south,  east  and  west 
are.  We  all  ought  to 
know  how  to  find  our 
way.  Let  us  learn 
how. 

The  sun  rises  in  or 
near  the  east.  It  sets 
in  or  near  the  west. 

Face  the  east. 
North  is  now  at 
your  left  hand. 
South  is  at  your 
right.  West  is  be- 
hind you. 

At  midday  all 
shadows  where  we 
live  point  to  the 
north.    Can  you  think  why  ? 

Sailors  use  the  compass  to  show 
north,  south,  east  and  west.  Here 
is  a  pictiu-e  of  a  compass.  You  can 
see  a  round  card  with  letters  on 
it.  What  are  the  letters?  What 
do  they  mean? 

Under  the  card  there  is  a  little 


NORTH 


EAST 


SOUTH 

Compass  card 


Ship's  compass 


bar  or  needle  of  steel.  It  is  a 
magnet.  It  swings  easily.  Even 
a  breath  of  air  may  move  it. 

The  earth  draws  this  needle  and 
makes  it  point  almost  north  and 
south.  In  some  places  it  points 
just  north  and  south.  The  needle 
shows  sailors  where 
north  is. 

The  sun  and  stars 
also  help  sailors  to  find 
their  way.  They  can- 
not see  the  sun  on 
cloudy  days,  nor  the 
stars  on  foggy  nights. 
The  little  needle  points 
out  the  way  even  when 
the  sun  and  stars 
are  not  in  sight. 

Helps :  —  Turn  your 
back  to  the  north.  In 
what  direction  are  you 
now  facing?  Name 
some  objects  south  of 
you. 

Can  you  name  a 
street  that  runs  north 
and  south  ?  Can  you  name  one  that 
runs  east  and  west  ? 

Point  halfway  between  north  and 
east.  AVe  call  this  northeast.  It  may  be 
written  N.E.  Where  will  you  look  for 
northwest  ?  How  else  may  you  write  it  ? 
Where  is  southwest  ?  —  southeast  ? 

Try  to  learn  how  to  find  north  by  the 
stars.    Can  you  find  the  north  star  ? 


32 


26.  Shore  Forms 

We  have  read  about  a  harbor. 
This  is  only  one  of  many  forms 
made  where  the  land  dips  under 
the  sea.  The  land  close  by  the  sea 
is  the  coast  or  shore. 

Some  coasts  are  high  and  rocky. 
Others  are  low  and  sandy.  Some 
are  nearly  straight.  Others  are 
bent  or  broken,  as  in  the  picture. 


A  peninsula  has  water  on  nearly 
all  sides.  One  side  joins  the  main- 
land. The  word  "peninsula ' '  means 
almost  an  island. 

A  neck  of  land  may  join  a  pen- 
insula with  the  mainland.  Any 
neck  of  land  that  joins  two  bodies 
of  land  is  an  isthmus.  This  word 
means  neck.  Does  it  not  look  like 
a  neck  in  the  picture  below  ? 


Shore  forms  where  the 

A  cape  is  a  point  of  land  that 
juts  out  into  the  water.  Some  capes 
are  high  and  some  are  low. 

Arms  of  water  reach  into  the 
land.  There  are  long  arms  and 
short  arms.  Some  are  so  large  that 
a  swift  ship  cannot  cross  in  a  day. 

These  arms  of  the  sea  are  called 
bays,  gulfs  or  seas.  A  bay  is  like 
a  gulf  or  sea. 

An  island  has  water  on  all  sides. 
A  boat  can  sail  round  it.  Some  of 
the  largest  cities  in  the  world  are 
on  islands. 


land  dips  under  the  sea 

The  word  "strait"  means  nar- 
roiv.  A  strait  is  a  neck  of  water 
that  joins  two  bodies  of  water. 

Some  straits  are  many  miles 
wide.  But  they  are  narroiver  than 
the  bodies  of  water  they  connect. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  coast  ?  What 
other  name  has  it  ?    What  is  a  cape  ? 

What  names  are  given  to  arms  of  the 
sea  ?   What  is  a  bay  ? 

How  does  an  island  differ  from  a 
peninsula  ?  What  does  "  peninsula " 
mean  ? 

What  is  an  isthmus  ?  —  a  strait  ? 
How  do  they  differ  ? 


33 


27.  Factories 

A  factory  is  a  building  in  which 
things  are  made.  Some  cities  have 
many  factories.  Others  have  few. 
Let  us  see  why. 

A  factory  needs  power  to  run  ma- 
chines. We  have  read  about  water 
power  and  steam.  Steam  calls  for 
heat,  and  this  calls  for  fuel.  There 
are  many  kinds  of  fuel,  such  as 
wood,  coal,  gas  and  oil. 

Machines  may  also  be  run  by 
electricity.  It  may  be  made  by  any 
power  that  will  turn  wheels. 

A  city  near  fuel  saves  the  cost 
of  hauling  it  far.  Many  factories 
are  built  in  cities  near  coal  mines. 
There  are  many  also  near  gas  wells 
and  oil  wells. 

Long  ago  most  factories  were 
built  near  falls.  Many  are  still 
built   there,   as   the  water  power 


wood,  wool,  iron,  milk,  wheat  or 
other  things.  From  them  are  made 


An  liland  in  a  lake 


helps,  even  if  other  power  is  also 
used. 

A  factory  must  have  goods  to 
work   with.    It  may  use   cotton, 


Ships  on  the  ocean 

cloth,  carpets,  wagons,  plows,  but- 
ter or  flour. 

Flour  mills  are  built  near  wheat 
fields  and  where  there  is  power  or 
fuel.  Iron  mills  are  built  within 
reach  of  iron  ore  and  fuel. 

Helps  :  —  AVhat  is  a  factory  ?  Why 
does  it  need  power  ?  Name  two  kinds 
of  power.  What  are  needed  to  make 
steam  ? 

Name  some  kinds  of  fuel.  Why  is  it 
best  for  a  city  to  be  near  a  supply  of  fuel  ? 

Why  are  some  factories  built  near 
falls  ?    Why  may  they  also  need  steam  ? 

What  must  a  factory  have  besides 
power  ?  Name  some  kinds  of  material 
used  in  factories,  and  tell  what  may  be 
made  from  each. 


34 


28.  Market  for  Goods 

A  factory  must  have  a  market 
for  its  goods.  A  lumber  mill  would 
be  of  little  use  if  people  did  not 
use  wood.  Men  build  factories  to 
make  what  people  need. 

Farms  need  wagons,  plows  and 
farm  tools.    Cities  near 
by    are    likely    to 
make  these  very 
things. 

Most  of  the 
hats,  shoes 
and  clothing 
are  sold  in 
cities.  Here 
is   where 
most  of  them 
are  made. 

Mills   need 
workmen   that         "^^^ 
are  very  skillful. 

Here,  then,  are  some 
things  that  help  mills  and 
factories  to  grow :  water  power, 
cheap  fuel,  raw  material  and  good 
markets.  And  we  must  not  forget 
skillful  workmen. 

If  you  live  in  a  city,  try  to  find 
out  what  the  factories  make,  and 
why.  Find  out  where  the  raw 
goods  come  from.  Find  out  where 
the  new  goods  are  sold.  What  rail- 
roads bring  goods  to  your  city  ? 


Cloth  weaving 


Helps  :  —  Why  are  factories  built  ? 
Why  must  there  be  a  market  for  the 
goods  ? 

Kame  some  things  likely  to  be  made 
in  cities  near  farms.  Why  is  much 
clothing  made  in  cities  ? 

Of  what  use  are  skillful  workmen  ? 

Name  some  things  that  help  mills  to 
grow. 

29.  How  Bricks  are 
Made 

\Ye  know  that 
it  is  unsafe  to 
build  houses 
of  wood  in 
large  cities. 
If  one  house 
burns,  others 
close  to  it  are 
likely  to  burn 
also.  Cities  use 
mostly  brick  and 
stone. 
A  great  city  needs  many 
bricks.  They  are  made  of 
clay.  The  clay  is  dug  out  of  the 
ground. 

The  clay  for  bricks  is  put  in 
mixing  machines  and  wet.  These 
machines  turn  the  clay  and  mix 
it  to  a  thick  paste.  This  is  put 
into  molds,  or  rows  of  boxes  just 
the  size  and  shape  of  bricks. 
The  clay  is  pressed  hard  in  the 
molds. 


35 


The  molds  are  lifted  away  and 
we  see  a  row  of  bricks.  They  are 
too  soft  to  use,  so  they  are  first 
set  one  side  to  dry.  Now  they  are 
only  wet  clay.  They  will  not  be 
hard  bricks  till  they  are  burned. 

At  last  the  bricks  are  dry  enough 
to  handle  without  breaking.  Now 
they  may 
be  piled 
in  great 
masses. 
It  would 
require  a 
longtime 
to  count 
them  all. 

Spaces 
are  left 
for  the 
hot  air 
to  move 
in  among 
them,  to 
diythem.  "^^^'^^ 

We  may  now  build  hot  hres  in 
the  pile  of  bricks.  The  fires  bum 
day  after  day  till  the  bricks  are 
dry  and  hard. 

Bricks  are  of  many  colors.  There 
are  red,  brown,  yellow,  white,  green 
and  blue.  The  color  depends  on 
the  heat  and  also  on  the  kind  of 
clay  used. 


If  bricks  are  used  where  you  live, 
try  to  find  out  where  they  are  made. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  how  bricks  are  made. 
Why  are  they  burned  ?  Why  must  bricks 
be  very  strong  ? 

30.  Building  Stone 
Stone  for  buildings  comes  from 
the  ground.    The  place  the  stone 


sandstone  from  a  quarry 

comes  from  is  a  quarry.  Here  is 
a  picture  of  one. 

The  inside  of  the  earth  is  rock. 
There  is  rock  under  all  soil.  There 
is  rock  under  all  water.  Often 
there  is  soil  between  the  rock  and 
the  water. 

Dig  deep  enough  anywhere  and 
you  will  find  solid  rock.    In  some 


36 


places  it  comes  to  the  surface.    It 
shows  in  ledges. 

Stone  or  rock  may  be  cut  quite 
smooth  with  steel  chisels.  These 
are  struck  with  hammers. 

There  are   also   machines  that 
pound  and  smooth  the  rock.  Some 
of  it  is  also  sawed  into  blocks  and 
slabs.    Machines 
also  rub  on  the 
stone  and  polish 
it. 

Marble  takes 
a  fine  polish. 
Much  of  it  is 
used  inside  of 
houses.  It  looks 
clean  and  pretty. 
The  outside  of 
some  houses  is 
also  made  of 
marble.  This 
stone  is  often 
used  for  statues. 

Granite   also 


^B 

-4^ 

^^^^^^ 

sil^B 

'^^^^^ 

I^hH 

•Wj^lH 

■mWK^-'' 

^H 

^^ 

1 

1^ 

' " .  ■? '-r;^^»^»  ^ 

-...;;«^-; 

%.^^: 

^m 

i^^jH 

1 

?^'''r>; 

sjS:    -    -   - 

'"'■'■                             ''':       ''^"'J'i"' 

M^ 

^^afel 

•;:;;. .:^::.. ..-I 

Girls  in  Japan  picking  tea  that  may  come  in  a 
ship  to  our  country 


roofs.  The  word  "slate"  means  chip. 
The  rock  chips  off  in  thin  layers. 

Men  open  quarries  as  near  cities 
as  they  can.  Of  course  you  know 
why.  Cheap  stone  helps  cities  to 
grow. 

31.  Trade  of  a  Seaport 

A  ship  is  coming  into  port.  Let 
us  go  aboard.  A 
pilot  is  steering, 
so  that  it  will 
not  run  aground. 
Sailors  are  scrub- 
bing the  decks. 
Men  are  tending 
the  engines. 
Officers  direct 
the  work. 

This  ship  has 
come  far  across 
the  ocean. 

Now  come  the 
men  to  unload. 
Wagons  stand 
ready    to     haul 


takes  a  good  polish.   This  is  per-     goods  away.  Some  also  go  on  cars 
haps  the  best  of  all  kinds  of  build-     and  boats. 


mg  stone. 

Sandstone  is  not  so  hard  as 
granite.  The  grains  are  looser. 
Sandstone  is  pretty.  It  may  be 
red,  brown,  gray  or  blue. 

There  are  other  kinds  of  rock 
used  in  houses.    Slate  is  used  on 


The  tea  goes  to  a  grocer.  The 
cloth  and  laces  go  to  a  dry-goods 
store.  The  spices  go  to  a  factory 
to  be  ground  to  powder.  The  knives 
and  razors  go  to  a  hardware  store. 

Here  are  crates  of  toys  for  the 
toyshop.    This  gold  is  for  a  bank. 


37 


These  wild  animals  are  for  a  park.  Cars  also  are  coming  to  the  city. 
The  gems  are  for  the  jeweler.  And  This  early  train  brings  milk  and 
still  there  is  more  in  the  ship.  garden  stuff.  Here  is  a  train  of  cat- 
Now  comes  a  ship  with  bales  tie,  sheep  and  hogs  from  the  West, 
of  cotton.  It  goes  to  mills  that  Cars  and  boats  bring  many  peo- 
cotton   comes  pie  to  the  city.     Some  come  to 

their    daily    work. 


make   cloth.     The 
from  New  Orleans. 

Here  is  a  ship 
from  far-off  Cuba. 
It  brings  sacks  of 
brown  sugar.  This 
goes  to  a  building 
where  men  will 
refine  it  to  make  it 
white. 

This  ship  is  from 
South  America.  It 
brings  wool,  sheep- 
skins and  hides  of 
cattle.  Mills  get  the 
wool.  The  skins 
and  hides  go  to  a 
tanner.  He  will  tan 
them  and  make 
leather. 

Here  come  great 
boats  or  barges  with  coal.  The 
coal  is  for  the  mills,  the  stores 
and  the  homes. 

And  all  the  time  river  boats 
are  coming  down.  They  bring 
bricks  and  stone.  They  bring  lum- 
ber from  sawmills  and  wheat  from 
farms. 


Boys  far  away  in  Asia,  putting  pieces 
of  shell  in  wood  to  look  like  flowers. 
These  may  come  in  a  ship  to  our  country 


Others  come  to  visit 
and  see  the  sights 
of  the  city.  Many 
come  to  buy  goods. 
Others  come  to  go 
on  ships  to  far-off 
lands. 

This  is  a  mere 
glimpse.  Only  a 
visit  to  the  city 
can  show  the  many 
kinds  of  work  done 
there. 

Helps:  —  If    you 

were  on  a  ship  coining 
into  port,  what  kinds 
of  work  might  you  see 
men  doing  ? 

Name   some   goods 

that  come  into  ports. 

Can  you  tell  where  any  of  them  come 

from  ?    Where  may  they  be  sent  from 

the  ships  ? 

Why  do  cities  need  much  coal  ? 
Name  some  things  that  would  be  likely 
to  reach  the  cities  by  train. 

Why  do  morning  and  evening 
trains  carry  many  people  to  and  from 
cities  ? 


38 


32.  Kinds  of  Work  in  a  City 

What  can  a  seaport  do  with  all 
the  goods  sent  to  it  ?  It  uses  some 
of  them.  Others  it  sends  away.  A 
port  supplies  many  cities  and  towns. 

It  is   easy  to   see  why  people 


Little  Irish  girls  who  live  on  an  island  west 
of  Europe,  but  they  play  games  as  we  do 

build  all  kinds  of  workshops  in 
such  cities.  They  can  get  plenty  of 
goods  to  work  with.  Ships,  boats 
and  cars  often  come  loaded. 

Now  let  us  see  what  kinds  of 
work  must  be  done.  Wagons  must 


have  drivers.  Cars  cannot  run 
without  men.  Ships  need  sailors. 
Stores  and  markets  need  clerks. 
Mills  must  have  workmen. 

There  must  be  many  people  to 
tan  hides,  make  shoes,  refine  sugar, 
grind  spices,  build  houses,  make 
dishes,  make  furniture  and  handle 
coal.  All  these  people  must  have 
clothes.  They  must  have  hats, 
suits,  socks  and  many  other  things. 
The  making  of  clothing  is  the  chief 
work  in  most  of  the  great  cities. 

The  people  must  also  be  fed.  It 
takes  a  great  army  of  men  and 
women  to  feed  a  city.  Wagons 
hurry  food  to  the  homes  and  the 
hotels.  Cooks  prepare  it.  Men  and 
women  serve  it.  There  are  many 
kinds  of  work  in  a  great  city. 

Helps :  —  Can  you  tell  why  people 
build  mills  in  cities  ? 

Name  as  many  kinds  of  work  done  in 
cities  as  you  can  think  of.  I^ame  some 
goods  that  city  people  make. 

Why  must  cities  make  a  great  deal 
of  clothing?  Tell  as  well  as  you  can 
where  cities  get  various  kinds  of  food. 

33.  Why  Laws  are  Made 

We  hear  people  talk  about  laws. 
Let  us  find  out  what  a  law  is,  and 
what  it  is  for. 

All  games  must  have  rules. 
There  are  rules  for  playing  ball. 


39 


The  rules  tell  how  many  may  play 
on  a  side,  where  the  bases  are,  when 
a  player  may  run  and  when  he  is 
put  out.  We  could  not  play  ball 
without  rules. 

There  are  rules  in  hide  and 
seek,  marbles,  tag  or  catch,  and 
puss  in  the  corner.  It  is  fun  to  play 
when  all  obey  the  rules. 

Every  family  has  rules. 
There  is  an  hour  for  din- 
ner. You  know  when  you 
are  to  go  to  bed  and  when 
you  must  get  up.  You 
know  that  rough  games 
must  not  be  played  in 
the  house. 

Every  school  has  rules. 
One  rule  tells  when  school 
shall  begin.  Another  tells 
at  what  hour  it  closes. 
Rules  tell  what  you  shall 


us  what  our  rights  are,  and  also 
what  rights  others  have. 

People  vote  to  make  rules  or 
laws  that  all  must  obey.  They 
make  laws  to  punish  for  stealing 
or  setting  fire  to  a  house. 

We  obey  a  law  when  we  pay 
taxes.    We  obey  a  law  when  we 


study  each  year.  Is  there  a  rule 
telling  to  which  school  you  must 
go,  and  how  many  months  each 
year? 

We  can  make  rules  for  our 
games.  Parents  make  rules  for  the 
family.  The  teacher  and  school 
trustees  make  some  of  the  rules 
for  schools.  In  cities  boards  of  edu- 
cation make  rules  for  the  schools. 

Good  rules  help  us  to  play,  work 
and  live  in  the  best  way.    They  tell 


Boys  on  an  island  far  across  the  Pacific  ocean.   They  are 

playing  ankle  ball.   They  kick  the  ball  with  their  ankles 

and  keep  it  going,  as  we  play  ball  with  our  hands 

keep  to  the  right   in  driving  or 
when  we  put  a  stamp  on  a  letter. 

Helps :  —  What  game  do  you  Hke 
best  ?  What  are  some  of  its  rules  ? 
Can  any  game  be  played  without  rules  ? 

Of  what  use  are  rules  in  the  home  ? 
Would  you  be  glad  to  have  no  dinner 
hour?  If  there  were  no  rules,  when 
would  school  begin  ?  W^hen  would  you 
have  a  vacation  ? 

What  is  a  law  ?  Who  make  it  ?  Who 
must  obey  it  ?  Without  laws,  who  would 
build  roads  ? 


40 


34.  Taxes  and  their  Uses 
All  the  people  wish  to  have  good 
schools.  All  wish  to  have  good 
roads.  They  need  police  to  keep 
order  in  the  city.  They  need  fire- 
men to  protect  their  homes  from  fire. 


These  little  folks  live  far  away  in  the  highest 

part  of  Asia,  but  they  play  hopscotch  with 

about  the  same  rules  we  have  here 

The  people  also  need  judges. 
There  must  be  jails  or  prisons  for 
men  who  commit  crimes. 

Cities  make  homes  for  very  poor 
people  and  take  care  of  them.  They 


look  after  the  blind  and  the  deaf 
and  dmnb. 

There  are  hospitals  for  the  sick 
and  wounded.  People  who  are  too 
poor  to  pay  can  receive  just  as  good 
care  and  food  as  the  rich. 

We  must  not  forget  that  the 
city  makes  parks  where  we  can 
go  to  play  games  and  breathe 
fresh  air. 

It  takes  a  great  deal  of  money 
to  pay  the  bills  for  a  city.  People 
vote  to  pay  taxes  to  raise  the 
money  for  paying  such  bills.  A 
person  who  owns  very  little  pays 
a  small  tax.  A  person  who  owns 
more  pays  a  larger  tax.  This 
is  fair. 

Helps :  —  What  bills  must  be  paid 
for  schools  ? 

What  bills  must  the  city  pay  to  pro- 
tect the  homes  against  fires  ?  If  a  man's 
house  does  not  catch  fire,  ought  he  to 
pay  part  of  these  bills  ? 

Why  are  all  people  glad  to  pay  taxes 
for  the  poor,  the  blind  and  the  feeble- 
minded ?  Why  do  the  deaf  and  dumb 
need  schools  of  their  own  ? 

Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  work 
of  officers  that  serve  in  the  city  or  town 
you  live  in.  Do  the  people  elect  them  ? 
What  pay  do  they  receive  ?  How  long 
do  they  serve  ?    What  are  their  duties  ? 

Who  have  to  pay  taxes  ?  Find  out 
how  often  taxes  must  be  paid  ?  To  whom 
are  taxes  paid  ? 


41 


EARTH  AS  A  WHOLE 


35.  Form  and  Size 

Far  to  the  west,  across  the  ocean, 
the  yellow  people  raise  tea  for  us. 
Far  to  the  east,  across  another 
part  of  the  ocean,  people  send  us 
sweet  dates.  Far  to  the 
south  we  buy  coffee, 
and  ships  bring 
it  to  us.  Far 
to  the  north 
ships  hunt 
for    whales. 

North, 
south,  east 
and  west  of 
us  we  find 
the  deep  sea 
But   the  land 
we  live  on  is  very 
large.    It  takes  over 
four  days  for  a  swift 
train  to  cross  it  from  east  to  west. 
This  is  one  of  the  six  great  lands. 

We  know  that  the  earth  is  round 
like  a  ball,  for  many  people  have 
gone  around  it. 

It  takes  a  long  time  to  go  round 
the  earth.  It  is  very  large.  If  we 
cross  the  lands,  it  takes  days  and 
nights  in  swift  cars.  Then  it  takes 
many  days  for  swift  ships  to  carry 


us  over  the  oceans.    They  He  be- 
tween the  lands. 

The  round  map  on  this  page 
shows  one  side  of  the  earth.  It 
is  the  side  we  live  on.  The  dark 
parts  are  land.  The  rest 
is  water. 

A  line  round  the 
\     thickest  part  of 
\    a  ball  is  its 
lircumference. 
,    This  line  on 
the  earth  is 
about  25,000 
miles  long. 
A  line  through 
the  center  of  a 
ball  is  its  diam- 
eter. This  line  in 
the  earth  is  about 
8000  miles  long. 
iJo  \  ou  know  a  boy  seven  years 
old?    If  he  had  walked  ten  miles 
every  day  of  his  life,   he  would 
have  gone  about  25,000  miles. 

Helps  :  —  How  long  does  it  take  a 
swift  train  to  cross  the  land  we  live  on  ? 
What  lies  on  every  side  of  this  land  ? 

What  is  the  form  of  the  earth  ?  How 
do  we  know  the  earth  is  a  ball  ?  How 
far  is  it  round  the  earth  ?  How  far  is  it 
through  the  earth  ? 


42 


36.  The  Continents 

These  maps  show  the  two  sides 
of  the  earth.  They  show  the  large 
lands  called  continents. 

Find  on  the  map  the  name  Asia. 
This  is  the  largest  continent. 
Africa  is  next  in  size. 

North  America  is 
the  continent  on 
which  we  live. 
It  is  north  of 
the  equator 
and  is  third 
in  size.   A 
neck  of  land 
connects  it 
with  South 
America,ih.e 
next  in  size. 

Europe    lies 
just  west  of  Asia. 
Australia  is  south 
east  of  Asia  and  south 
of   the    equator.     This 


Western  hemisphere 


is  the  smallest  of  the  continents. 

The  earth  is  a  globe  or  sphere.  Half 
a  sphere  is  a  hemisphere.  "  Hemi "  means 
half.  America  is  in  the  western  hemi- 
sphere. America  is  also  called  the  ISTew 
World.  The  Old  World  is  in  the  eastern 
hemisphere.  Only  one  fourth  of  the 
earth's  surface  is  land. 

Helps  :  —  What  name  is  given  to  the 
large  lands  of  the  earth  ?  What  spreads 
round  them  ? 


Write  the  names  of  the  continents  in 
the  order  of  size.  What  is  a  hemisphere  ? 
Which  continents  are  in  the  eastern 
hemisphere  ?  —  in  the  western  ?  Which 
are  north  of  the  equator  ?  Which  three 
are  nearest  the  north  pole  ?  Which  is 
wholly  south  of  the  equator  ? 

The  Oceans 

Salt  water  covers 
three  fourths  of 
all  the  earth. 
It  spreads 
round   all 
the   lands. 
This  vast 
water  area 
is  the   sea 
or  ocean. 
The  surface 
of  the  sea  near 
the  poles  is   cold 
and   icy.     Near    the 
equator  the    surface  is 
warmer.    The  water 
warms  or  cools  the  air  over  it. 

Some  parts  of  the  sea  are  five 
miles  deep.  The  light  of  the  sun 
does  not  go  far  down  into  water. 
Below  a  fourth  of  a  mile  all  the 
water  is  dark.  All  the  deep  parts 
of  the  sea  are  dark  and  cold.  The 
oceans  are  in  wide  valleys. 

The  sea  is  very  useful  to  man. 
It  supplies  water  for  the  rain  clouds. 


43 


Ships  sail  on  it  from  port  to  port.  What  ocean  is  east  of  North  America? 

Many  fish  for  food  are  taken  from     ^^^^^'^^  o^^^^^"  continents  border  on  the 
the  sea.    In  summer  cool   winds 
often  blow  from  over  the  sea. 


Atlantic  ocean  ? 

What  ocean  is  west  of  North  America  ? 
What  other   continents   border   on   the 
Names  are  given  to  parts  of  the     Pacific  ocean  ? 
ocean.     One   part   is  the  Atlantic  What  three  oceans  touch  the  shores 

of  Asia  ?  What  three  oceans 
touch  the  shores  of  North 
America  ? 

^Vhat   ocean   sur- 
rounds the  north 


ocean.    It  is  east  of  our 
country.    Another 
part  is  the  Pacific 
ocean.    This  is 
west   of   our 
country.  The 
frozen  sea 
round  the 
north  pole 
isthe^rc*- 
tic  ocean. 
The  cold  sea 
around    the 
south  pole  is  the 
Antarctic  ocean. 
The  part   south   of 
Asia  is  the  Indian  ocean. 

There  are  five  oceans.         ^''*''°  hemisphere        ^^  ^^^  ^^p^  ^^^  ^^^^, 

The  Pacific  is  the  largest.  It  covers  ^  picture  may  show  mountains 

over  one  third  of  the  earth.    The  ^ver  three  miles  high.    A  drawing 

Atlantic  ocean  is  next  in  size.   It  j^-^^y  gi^o^^  a   land   thousands   of 

is  about  one  half  as  large  as  the  niiles  lono;. 

Pax?ific.  Look  at  the  plan  of  a  school- 
Helps  :  —  How  much  of  the  earth^s  ^^^^^-^  ^^  ^j^g  j^^xt  page.    It  is  less 
surface  is   salt  water?    Where  is  the  ^^^^   ^^^^^    -^^j^^^    j^^^^    ^^^^   ^1^^ 

surface  of  the  sea  warm  ?    Where  is  it  .      .         ,        i      i  •      i       i 

1 .  o  -TT       ,  f   ^f  fT.o     i^oom  IS  three  hundred  mches  long, 

cold  ?    How  deep  are  some  parts  or  the  ^ 

sea  ?     How   deep    can    sunlight    go    in  i  teacher  :  —  Read  and  explain  this  les- 

water  ?  son  and  the  next  to  the  pupils. 


pole?    What 

cold  sea  is 

around    the 

south  pole  ? 

Which    of 

the   oceans 

is    largest? 

What  ocean 

ranks  next  in 

size?  How  much 

of  the  surface  of 

the  earth   does  the 

Pacific    ocean   cover? 


44 


The  floor  plan 
of  the  schoolhouse 
shows  four  rooms. 
Which  is  the  room 
shown  on  the  plan? 
Little  marks  now 
show  "US  where  the 
desks  stand. 

Now  look  at  the 
plan  of  the  school 
yard.  The  house 
is  here  shown  by 
a  small  square.  Do 
you  see  where  the 
boys  play  ball? 
How  are  the  trees 
shown  on  the  plan  ? 
Two  rings  show 
beds  of  flowers. 

Now  look  at  the 
map  of  the  school 
district  ?  Here  we 
see  brooks  and 
ponds.  The  school 
is  on  a  hill.  The 
sides  are  steep. 
They  are  shown 
by  fine  lines.  The 
brooks  are  in  the 
valleys. 

A  plan  of  any 
part  of  the  earth 
is  a  maj9. 

Try  to  make  a 


r 


w 


w 


w 


□  □  n  □  □ 
n  □  □  □  □ 
n  □  □  □  □ 

□  □  n  □  □ 

□  n  n  □  □ 

□  □  □  □  □ 

□  □  □  □  □ 

□  □  □  □  □ 


w 


w 


Plan  of  a  schoolroom 


r' 

w 

I  , 

w 


h 


^ — 


■w w 


n 


■D-i       r^ 


I — W »F— L, 


D 

W 

I 

J — w w — I 


1 


Floor  plan  of  a  schoolhouse 


Plan  of  a  school  yard 


plan  of  your  own 
schoolroom.  Put 
in  the  desks,  doors 
and  windows. 

Will  you  tiy  to 
make  a  floor  plan 
of  the  school  you 
are  in?  Can  you 
also  make  a  plan 
of  the  school  yard  ? 

It  will  be  a  lit- 
tle harder  to  draw 
a  good  plan  of  the 
school  district,  but 
you  can  try  it. 

If  you  live  near 
a  park,  you  can  try 
to  make  a  plan  of 
all  or  a  part  of  it. 
Put  in  the  walks, 
ponds  and  flower 
beds. 

39.  Reading  Maps 

Look  at  the  four 
maps  on  the  next 
page.  The  first 
shows  part  of  the 
city  of  New  York. 
Find  the  city  hall 
and  post  office. 
Only  a  few  streets 
are  drawn  on  this 
map. 


45 


Map  11  shows 
more  of  the  same 
city.  Find  the  city 
hall  in  this  map. 
Why  is  it  drawn  so 
small  ? 

See  how  narrow 
the  streets  are 
made.  This  map 
shows  the  rivers 
on  two  sides  of  the  city.  See  the 
wharves  along  the  water  front. 


Map  of  a  school  district 


Find  New  York 
on  map  iv.  Find 
the  city  of  Albany. 
These  cities  are 
nearly  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles 
apart. 

What  river  flows 
from  Albany  to 
New  York?  On 
which  Imnk  of  the  river  are  the  Cats- 
kill  mountains  ?  Find  Brooklyn,  a 
part  of  New  York. 

Why  are  not  the 
streets  of  New  York 
shown  on  map  iv? 
These  maps  show  how 
large  maps  are  made. 
Many  of  the  little 
maps  are  made  round 
like  the  earth.  We 
call  them  globe  maps. 
A  globe  is  a  ball. 


Map  lu  shows  New 
York  and  several  other 
cities  and  towns.  In 
this  map  the  streets 
are  fine  lines.  We  can- 
not see  the  buildings 
and  wharves.  They 
are  too  small.  The 
map  shows  the  Hud- 
son river  flowing  into 
New  York  bay. 


Maps  of  New  York  and  vicinity 


46 


Some  maps  are  printed  in  colors 
to  show  which  lands  belong  to 
each  nation  or  group  of  people. 

When  one  inch  on  a  map  shows 
a  hundred  miles,  we  say  the  scale 
is  1  inch  to  100  miles. 

On  the  maps  in  colors  you  will 
find  a  scale  line.  It  shows  how 
long  a  line  equals  100,  200  or 
more  miles.  Thus  you  can  find 
out  how  far  it  is  between  places. 


40.  Poles  and  Equator 

See  the  dotted  line  in  the  top. 
The  top  spins  or  turns  round  this 
line.  It  runs  from  the  head  to  the 
peg.  We  call  this  line  the  axis  of 
the  top. 

We  may  also  think  of  an  axis 
in  the  earth.  The  half  ball  shows 
the  axis. 

The  earth  spins  like  a  huge  top, 
but  it  does  not  rest  on  anything. 


A  spinning  top  A  ball  or  sphere 

Most  maps  are  set  on  pages  so 
that  north  is  at  the  top  of  the 
page.  Where  will  south  be  ?  — 
east  ?  —  west  ? 

Some  maps  that  are  long  from 
east  to  west  are  turned  on  the 
pages.  On  such  maps  in  this  book 
you  will  find  east  at  the  top. 
Where,  then,  will  you  look  for 
north  ?  On  the  maps  in  colors  you 
will  find  north,  south,  east,  ivest, 
printed  at  the  top  and  sides. 


A  half  ball 


It  turns  round  only  once  in  a  day 
and  night. 

The  two  ends  of  the  axis  are 
called  j^oles.  One  is  the  north 
pole  and  the  other  the  south  pole. 

Can  you  find  the  north  star?  The 
axis  of  the  earth  points  ahnost  to  the 
north  star.  The  end  of  the  axis  under 
this  star  is  the  north  pole. 

At  the  north  pole  you  could  see  the 
north  star  over  your  head.  It  is  often 
called  the  pole  star.  The  poles  are  in  very 
cold  parts  of  the  earth. 


47 


Lines  are  drawn  on  maps  to 
show  north  and  south.  North  is 
towards  the  north  pole.  South  is 
towards  the  south  pole.  As  the 
earth  is  a  ball,  all  lines  on  it  curve. 
We  may  think  of  a  line  round 
the  earth  halfway  between  the 
poles.  It  runs  east  and  west.  It  is 
the  equator.  It  divides  the  surface 
of  the  earth  into  two  equal  parts. 
The  lands  near  the  equator  are 
very  warm.    This  is  the  hot  belt. 

Other  lines  are  drawn  east  and 
west  on  maps.  If  you  turn  any  map 
so  that  north  is  at  the  top,  east  will 
be  to  the  right  and  west  to  the  left. 
The  sun  lights  one  side  of  the 
earth  at  a  time.  As  the  earth  turns 
on  its  axis, 
one  side  is 
light  and  the 
other  side  is 
dark.  One 
side  has  day 
w  h  e  n  t  h  e 
other  side 
has  night. 

The  earth 
turns  from 
west  to  east 
on  its  axis. 
This  makes 
the  sun  rise 
near  the  equator  in    the    east 


and  set  in  the  west.  As  the  earth 
turns,  it  makes  the  sun  seem  to  go 
higher  in 
the  sky  all 
the  fore- 
noon.   At 


noon  we 
pass  the 
sun.  In 
the  after- 
noon the 
earth  tiuns 
us  away 
from  it. 

Helps :  — 
What  is  the 
axis  of  a 
top?   Where  is  it V 


'--v»a{ 


Eskimos,  —  people  living 
nearest  the  north  pole 


What  is  the  axis  of 


the  earth  ?  How  often  does  the  earth 
turn  on  its  axis  ? 

What  are  the  poles  of  the  earth? 
What  are  their  names  ?  Wliich  pole  is 
under  the  north  star  ? 

How  can  you  tell  nortli  and  south 
on  maps  ? 

W^here  is  the  equator  ?  Why  is  it 
called  the  equator  ?  How  can  you  tell 
east  and  west  on  maps  ?  If  you  turn  a 
map  so  that  north  is  at  the  top,  where 
will  east  be  ? 

What  lights  the  earth  ?  Which  side 
of  the  earth  is  light?  When  will  that 
side  be  dark  ?  " 

W^hat  causes  day  and  night?  Why 
does  the  sun  rise  in  the  east?  W^hen 
is  noon?  Where  is  the  sun  at  night, 
when  we  are  asleep  ? 


48 


41.  The  Seasons 

Near  the  equator  the  sun  shines 
high  in  the  sky  every  day.  The 
air  is  hot  or  warm. 

Far  from  the  equator  the  sun  is 
not  so  high.  The  rays  slant  and 
th^  air  is  cooler. 

Near  the  poles  the 
rays  are  very  slanting. 
Even  in  summer  they 
cannot  melt  all  the 
snow  and  ice.  These 
are  cold  parts  of  the 
earth,  and  the  sun  is 
never  high  in  the  sky. 

Once  a  year  the 
earth  moves  round  the 
sun.  The  path  is  al- 
most a  circle. 

Half  the  year  the 
sun  is  north  of  the 
equator.  Then  we 
have  spring  and  sum- 
mer. The  other  half 
the  year  it  is  south  of  the  equator. 
Then  we  have  fall  and  winter. 

When  it  is  winter  on  one  side 
of  the  equator  it  is  summer  on 
the  other. 


season  and  a  dry  season.  The  high 
lands  are  cold. 

Helps :  —  Why  is  the  air  near  the 
equator  so  warm  ?  Why  is  it  so  cold 
in  the  polar  regions  ? 

How  long  does  it  take  the  earth  to 
move  round  the  sun? 
What  is  the  shape  of  its 
path? 

Where  is  the  sun  dur- 
ing our  summer  ?  Why 
are  the  days  so  warm  ? 
Why  does  winter  come  ? 
Why  is  it  cold  on  one 
side  of  the  equator  while 
it  is  hot  on  the  other  ? 

When  does  our  spring 
come  ?  —  autumn  ?  Name 
our  four  seasons.  What 
are  the  seasons  near  the 
equator  ? 

42.  The  Zones 


Black  people  near  the  equator 
(Negritos) 


The  warm  belt  of 
land  and  water  near 
the  equator  is  the  tor- 
It  is  a  wide  belt  having 


rid  zone. 

hot  or  warm  days  all  the  year. 

The  word  "  zone "  means  helt. 

The  word  "torrid"  means  hot. 

The  torrid  zone  reaches  from  the 

Spring  is  the  cool  .season  before     equator  about  one  fourth  of  the  way 

summer.    Autumn  is  the  cool  sea-     to  each  pole.  It  is  the  widest  zone. 

son  after  summer.  Nearly  all   parts  of   this    zone 

Near  the  equator  there  is   no     have  plenty  of  rain.    Most  of  the 

winter.     The   year    has    a    rainy     winds  blow  from  east  to  west. 


49 


On  both  sides  of  the  torrid  zone 
are  the  temperate  zones.  They  have 
hot  summers  and  cold  winters.  We 
know  what  the  seasons  of  the  north 
temperate  zone  are,  for  we  live  in 
this  zone. 

Most  of  the  winds  of  the  tem- 
perate zones  blow  from  west  to 
east.    They  bring  rain  from  the 


/  '    NORTH  TEW'ERAfi'ZONE  \ 


SOUTH   TEMPERATfi^ONE 


oceans.  These  zones  have  the  best 
grain  fields  in  the  world. 

Near  the  poles  the  sun  shines 
low  in  the  sky.  The  air  is  very 
cold  most  of  the  year.  The  winter 
is  long.  The  summer  is  very  short. 
Part  of  the  sea  is  always  frozen. 

The  zones  round  the  poles  are  the 
frig  id  zones.  The  word  "  frigid  " 
means  cold. 

The  tops  of  high  peaks  are  far 
up  in  the  cold  air.    Snow  often 


falls  on  them.    Even  in  the  torrid 
zone  some  have  snow  all  the  year. 

Helps  :  —  Which  part  of  the  earth  is 
hot  or  warm  all  the  year  ?  What  name 
is  given  to  the  hot  belt?  What  does 
"  torrid  "  mean  ?  What  does  "  zone  " 
mean  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  width  of  the 
torrid  zone  ?  What  about  its  rain  and 
winds  ?    Would  you  like  to  live  there  ? 


^^^Wl 

^S^ 

SOUTH   TFMPr 

■SATE   Z 

Where  are  the  temperate  zones  ? 
What  is  said  of  their  summer  and 
winter  ?    In  what  zone  do  you  live  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  wind  and  rain 
of  the  temperate  zones  ?  In  what  product 
do  the  temperate  zones  lead  the  world  ? 

Where  are  the  frigid  zones  ?  Why 
are  they  cold?  What  is  said  of  their 
seasons  ?    What  does  "  frigid  "  mean  ? 

What  is  said  about  high  peaks  ? 

Which  continents  are  partly  in  the 
north  temperate  zone  ?  —  in  the  south 
temperate  zone  ?  —  in  the  torrid  zone  ? 
—  in  the  north  frigid  zone  ? 


50 


51 


52 


43.  North  and  South  America  few  large  bays.  North  America  has 

Let  us  compare  North  America     many.  The  latter  has  a  broken  coast. 

and  South  America. 

Both  are  parts  of  America.  One 
is  nearly  north  of  the  other. 
We  live  in  North  America 
It    is    larger    than    South 
America. 

The  coasts  of  both  have 
the  shape  of  the  letter  V. 
The  sea  gives  them  this 
shape.  The  Atlantic  ocean 
is  east  of  both.  The  Pacific 
ocean  is  west. 

Both  have  high  mountains 
in  the  west.    Both  have   low     ^ 
ranges  in  the    east.    Both  have 
central  plains.    The  longest  rivers 
flow  to  the  east  coast  of  each.  bouth  America  has  few  small 

These  continents  are  unhke  in     islands.   North  America  has  many 
some  ways.     South  America  has     large  ones,  in  the  far  north. 

Most  of  South 
America  is  in  the 
hot  zone  near  the 
equator.  Part  runs 
south  into  the  cool 
zone. 

Most  of  North 
America  is  in  the 
cool  belt  of  the 
north.  Its  north 
coast  reaches  into 
the  frozen  Arctic 


Scene  in  the  Western  highland  of  North  America 


ocean. 


53 


The  isthmus  of  Panama  joins 
the  two  Americas.  No  other  land 
is  near 
to  South 
America. 
Away  to 
the  east 
is  Africa. 
Very  far 
over  the 
Pacific  is 
AustraUa. 

North 

America  reaches   ahnost  to  Asia. 
Bering  strait  cuts  them  apart. 

Europe    is    far    east    of    North 
America. 


The  alpaca  lives  in  the  high  western  part 
of  South  America 


Helps  :  —  Why  is  one  part 
of  America  called  North 
America?  What  gives  a  con- 
tinent its  shape?  What  is 
the  shape  of  each  of  the 
Americas  ? 

What  ocean  is  west  of 
both?  What  ocean  is  east? 
What  ocean  is  north  of  South 
America?  What  ocean  is 
north  of  North  America  ? 

On  which  side  of  both  are 
the  highest  mountains  ?  On 
which  side  are  the  lowest 
mountains  ? 


What  lies 
between  ?    To    which 
ocean  do   the  longest 
rivers  of  both  flow? 
Compare  the  coasts 
of  the  two  continents. 
Compare  the  islands. 
Which    of   these 
great    conti- 
nents is   the 
warmer  ? 
Why    do 
you  think 
so? 


Negro  boy  who 
lives  in  the  warm 
part  of  America 

is     warmest  ? 


Which 

part     of 

North 

America 

Which  part  of  South  Amer- 
ica?    On   which    side   of  the 
equator  is  North  America? 
Which  continent   almost  touches 
North  America   in   the    northwest? 
Where  is  the  island  of  Greenland  ? 


54 


44.  Asia  and  Europe 

America  is  in  the  New  World. 
Asia  and  Europe  are  part  of  the 
Old  World. 

In  America 
the  great  ranges 
of  mountains 
run  north  and 
south.  In  Asia 
and  Europe 
they  run 
east  and 
west. 

Amer- 
ica runs 
far  over 
the  equa- 
tor,    on 

White  girl  of  Europe     both  sideS.   \ 

^  ^^'  Asia   and 

Europe  are  north  of  the  equator 

America  is  almost  cut  in  two 
by  the  ocean.  Asia  and  Europe 
join  in  a  wide  plain. 

Asia  is  larger  than  all  America. 
Europe  is  not  quite  half  so  large 
as  North  America. 

Asia  and  Europe  have  broken 
coasts.  Europe  has  some  large 
islands.    Asia  has  many. 

Europe  faces  the  sea  on  the 
north,  south  and  ivest.  Asia  faces 
the  sea  on  the  north,  south  and 
east. 


Europe  faces  the  east  coast  of 
our  continent.  Asia  faces  the  west 
coast  of  our  continent. 

Europe,  Asia  and  North  America 
lie  around  the  cold  Arctic  ocean. 
Asia  reaches  almost  to  the  equator. 
No  part  of  Europe  is  in  the  hot  zone. 


Africa  lies  close  to  both  Asia 
and  Europe,  with  seas  between. 

Helps  :  —  How  do  the  great  moun- 
tains in  America  run  ?  —  in  Europe  and 
Asia  ?  On  which  side  of  the  equator  are 
Asia  and  Europe  ? 

What  joins  the  two  parts  of  Amer- 
ica ?  What  joins  Asia  and  Europe  ?  On 
which  side  of  Asia  is  Europe  ? 

How  large   is   Asia  ?  —  Europe  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  coasts  of  Asia 
and  Europe  ?  —  about  the  islands  ? 


55 


On  which  sides  does  Europe  face  the 
sea  ?  On  whii-.h  sides  does  Asia  face  the 
sea  ?    What  oceans  border  on  each  ? 

Which  side  of  our  continent  is  nearest 
Europe?  —  nearest  Asia? 

What  part  of  Asia  is  wannest  ?  Why 
do  you  think  so  ? 

What  ])art  of  Asia  is  near  Africa? 
What  land  is  south  of  Europe?  —  far 
west  of  Europe. 


The  highest  niountains  in  both 
are  not  far  from  the  east  side. 
Large  parts  of  both  are  dry  lands 
or  deserts. 

Africa  has  many  long  rivers. 
Anstraha  has  but  one. 

Australia  is  south  of  the  equa- 
tor. Over  half  of  Africa  is  north 
of  the  equator. 

Helps  :  —  Name  four  continents  in  the 
d  World.    Which  border  on  the 
Indian  ocean  ? 
Which  three  continents  have 
the    fewest    bays  ?      Which 
three  have   broken  coasts  ? 
Which  three  have  the  few- 
est islands  ? 

On  which  side  of  Africa 
and  Australia  are  the  high- 
est  mountains  ?     W^hat    is 
said  about  their  rivers  ? 
Which  continent  is  south 
of   the   equator?    Which  are 
north  of  it?   Which  are  crossed 
»y  it  ?    Which  reaches  nearest  to 
south  pole  ? 


45.  Africa  and  Australia 

These  lands  are  in  the  Old  World. 
The  Indian  ocean  is  between  them. 
Australia  is  far  southeast  of  Asia. 

Africa  is  about  two  thirds  as 
large  as  Asia. 

Africa  and  Australia  have  few 
large  bays  and  few  islands. 


Poor  black  people  live  among  the  hills  on 
some  islands  between  Asia  and  Australia 


56 


46.  Where  Plants  Grow 
A  Reading  Lesson 

Some  plants  need  much  water 
Others  need  little. 

Rice  grows  best 
under  water.  Many 
lilies  grow  in  ponds. 
They  would  die  if  set 
out  in  dry  soil. 

Coffee  plants  grow 
best  on  hilly  land. 
The  willow  likes  low 
wet  lands. 

Each  plant  grows 
best  where  it  has 
the  soil  it  needs. 

Thistles  grow  in 
sandy  soil.  Many  vege- 
tables need  rich  soil. 

Soil  that  has  long  been  used  for  onions 
may  be  very  poor  for  more  onions.    But 


such  soil   may  be   very  rich  for  other 
kinds  of  plants. 

Each  zone  has  its  own  plants. 
But  many  plants 
that  grow  in  cool 
zones  will  also  grow 
in  warm  zones. 


Banana  plant  with  fruit 


Brown  people  setting  out  rice  plants  in  wet  land 


The  banana  needs 
all  the  year  to  ripen 
its  fruit.  Frost  kills 
this  plant.  Could  it 
grow  where  the  water 
freezes  half  the  year  ? 
The  tobacco  plant 
grows  in  a  few  months. 
It  can  grow  where  the 
summers  are  long.  Its 
leaves  are  cut  before 
winter  comes. 

Oranges  need  all 
the  year  to  grow  and 
ripen.  Apples  will  grow  in  a  few  months. 
Which  fruit  must  grow  in  the  warmer 
zone? 

Some  plants  ripen  their 
seed  in  a  few  weeks.  They 
can  grow  along  the  shores 
of  the  Arctic  ocean.  The 
summer  lasts  only  a  few 
weeks  there. 

Now  you  know  why 
plants  are  not  alike  in 
the  five  zones.  They 
must  find  the  soil, 
water  and  heat  that 
they  need,  just  like  the 
plants  where  we  live. 


57 


47.  Fruits  and  Spices  of  the 
Torrid  Zone 

Many  kinds  of  fruit  grow  in 
the  torrid  zone.  Among  these  are 
the  orange  and  banana.  There  are 
also  many  kinds  that  we  never  see. 

The    banana    plant    often     grows 
twenty  feet  high.    The  cut  on  page 
56  shows  how  it  looks.    The  fruit 
hangs  in  large  clusters. 

In  hot  lands  the  banana 
is  widely  used  as  food.  On 
some  of  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  it  is  the  chief  food 
of  the  natives. 

Many  spices  grow  in 
the  torrid  zone. 

Pepper  Ixn-ries  grow  in 
long  clusters  on  climbing 
l)lants  or  vines.  The  ber- 
ries are  dried  in  the  sun. 
Before  we  use  them  on  the 
table  they  are  ground  to 
powder. 

Cloves  are  dried  buds 
that  grow  on  trees.  The 
buds  are  picked  when  they 
turn  red.  They  are  then 
dried  and  sent  to  market. 
Cloves  have  a  very   hot,   biting  taste. 

Cinnamon  is  the  bark  of  a  small  tree. 
The  bark  is  dried  and  sent  to  market. 

Nutmegs  come  from  a  little  fruit  that 
grows  on  a  large  tree.  The  seed  of  this 
fruit  is  taken  out  and  dried.  Then  it  is 
cracked  open  and  out  comes  a  hard 
kernel,  which  is  the  nutmeg. 


Many  boys  and  girls  of  our  age 
gather  spices.  Some  of  the  little  folks 
are  brown.  Some  of  them  belong  to 
the  white  family  but  have  dark  skin. 
They  live  where  the  sun  shines  very 
hot.  They  never  see  snow  except  far 
away  on  the  tops  of  high  mountains. 


^^ 


Branches  bearmg  spices 


Helps  :  —  What  are  the  seasons  of  the 
torrid  zone  ?  Name  some  fruits  of  the 
torrid  zone.  Tell  what  you  can  about 
the  banana. 

What  can  you  tell  about  pepper  ?  — 
cloves  ?  —  cinnamon  ?  —  nutmegs  ? 

In  what  zone  do  many  spices  grow  ? 
What  kinds  of  pepper  have  you  seen  ? 


58 


Working  with  water  buffaloes,  to  clean  rice  fields  in  southeast  Asia 


48.  Other  Plants  of  the  Torrid  Zone 

Sugar  cane,  coffee  and  rice  grow 
best  in  this  hot  zone.  Cotton  and 
tobacco  also  grow  here  and  in 
lands  that  are  not  so  hot. 

Sugar  cane  looks  hke  cornstalks. 
The  cane  is  crushed  and  the  juice  is 
boiled  till  brown  sugar 
forms  in  it.  The  liquid 
in  which  the  sugar 
forms  is  molasses. 

White  sugar  is  a 
pure  kind  made  from 
brown  sugar.  Later  we 
shall  learn  how  sugar 
is  also  made  from 
beets. 

Coffee  comes  from 
little  berries  that  grow 
on  bushes  or  small 
trees.  The  seeds  of  the 
berries  are  the  coffee. 

Eice  is  like  a  grass. 
Some   of   it  grows   in 
fields  underwater.  Mil- 
lions of  people  use  rice  for  food.  The  white 
rice  we  use  is  the  little  seed  of  the  plant. 


Date 


The  picture  above  shows  a  rice  field. 
The  grass  you  see  is  rice  straw.  The 
animals  are  buffaloes.  They  like  to 
work  in  water  and  are  called  water 
buffaloes. 

The  hot  zone  has  great  forests. 
Some  of  the  trees  have  pretty 
wood.    It  is  used  in  furniture. 

From  the  wood  of 
other  trees  we  get 
dyes  to  color  cloth. 
Rubber  is  a  gum 
from  trees  growing 
in  the  hot  belt. 

This  hot  belt  has 
so  many  palms,  it 
is  often  called  the 
zone  of  imlms. 

Helps  :  —  ^ame  as 
many  plants  of  the  hot 
zone  as  you  can. 

What  does  the  les- 
^^  °^  son   tell  about   sugar  ? 

—  about  coffee  ?  —  about  rice  ?  —  about 
trees  ?    What  is  rubber  ? 


59 


49.  Plants  of  the  Warm  Belts 
The  warm  parts    of    the   tem- 
perate   zones   we    call    the    tvanu 
belts.     They    have    many    useful 
plants. 


There  are  rice, 


Tea  farm  in  China 

ons,  figs  and  grapes  in  the  warm 
belts,  as  in  the  hot  belt. 

There  is  also  the  plant  on  which 
cotton  grows. 

Cotton  is  a  fiber.  It  grows  round  the 
seeds  of  a  plant.  This  fiber  is  pulled 
from  the  seeds  by  a  machine.  Then 
it  is  twisted  into  thread  and  woven 
into  cloth. 


Look  closely  at  a  piece  of  cotton 
cloth.  Pull  the  threads  apart.  Then  un- 
twist a  thread  and  see  the  cotton  fiber. 
What  else  is  thread  made  of  ? 

About  one  half  of  the  people  of  the 
earth  wear  clothing  made  wholly  of 
cotton.  Most  of  the  others  use  some 
cotton  clothing. 

-^        Tea  grows  in  the  warm  parts 

^,„    .^    of  the  temperate 

zones.     Some    of    it 

also  grows  in  the  hot 

'  zone. 

This    picture 

shows  us  a  tea 

farm.    It  is  in  Asia, 

far  across  the  sea. 

In    the    circle    we 

see   i)eople   at 

work.    They  are 

yellow      people. 

They  are  picking  the 

leaves    from  the  low 

bushes.   These  bushes 

are  tea  plants. 

The  branch  around  the 
picture  is  from  a  tea  plant. 
Tea  is  made  of  the  dried  leaves  of 
the  tea  plant.  Most  of  it  grows  in  south- 
east Asia.  After  the  leaves  are  dried 
they  are  packed  in  boxes  and  sent  to 
many  parts  of  the  earth. 

Helps : —  Name    some   fruits    of   the 

warm   parts    of    the    temperate    zones. 

What  may  we  call  these  warm  x)arts  ? 

Name  a  useful  fiber  plant.    What  is 

said  about  cotton  ? 

Where  does  tea  grow  ?  What  is  tea  ? 


60 


50.  Plants  of  the  Cool  and 
Cold  Belts 

The  cool  parts  of  the  temperate 
zones  are  the  cool  belts.  They 
have  hot  days  about  half  the  year. 
The  hot  season  is  long  enough  for 
grains  to  ripen. 


A  forest  in  the  cool  belt,  near  the  Pacific  coast 
of  our  country 

Here  are  found  wheat,  corn, 
rye,  oats  and  barley.  Wheat  and 
com  are  the  most  useful. 

Here  also  are  flax  and  tobacco. 

The  little  stalks  of  flax  have  fibers 
that  we  use.  We  weave  them  into  cloth. 
This  we  call  linen. 


The  best  grazing  lands  are  in 
the  cool  belts.  Most  of  the  cattle, 
horses  and  sheep  feed  here.  These 
are  the  farming  zones,  where 
horses  are  most  useful. 

These  zones  have  great  forests. 
There  are  soft  woods,  such  as  pine, 

fir  and  spruce.    There  are  also 

hard  woods,  such  as  oak,  maple, 

ash,  chestnut  and  poplar. 

Only  a  few  useful  plants  grow 

in  the  north  frigid  zone.    They 

are    food   for   deer    and    other 

animals. 

Mosses  grow  in  the  wet  lands. 

There  are  also  a  few   stunted 

trees  and  bushes. 

In  the  short  summer  the  snow 
melts  in  some  parts  of  the  north 
frigid  zone.  Then  poppies  and  other 
bright  flowers  spring  up.  In  a  few 
weeks  they  drop  their  seeds.  The 
snow  soon  covers  them  once  more. 

Helps  :  — Where  are  the  cool  belts  ? 

What  other  names  have  they  ? 

Name  some  grains  of  the  temperate 

zones.    Name  some  other   products. 

What  is  said  about  linen  ?  Name 
some  things  made  of  linen.  What  fruits 
have  you  seen  growing  ? 

What  is  said  about  grass  in  the  tem- 
perate zones  ? 

Name  some  soft-wood  trees  of  the  zone 
you  live  in ;  name  some  hard-wood  trees. 

What  is  said  about  plant  life  in  the 
north  frigid  zone  ? 


61 


51.  Animals 
A  Reading  Lesson 
Animals    have    niauy  kinds   of 
feet, legs, bills  and  teeth.  Each  kind 
has  its  own  uses.    It  helps 
the  animal  in  some  way. 

The  eagle  has  sharp  claws 
and  a  beak.    It  can  hold  and 
tear    the    flesh    it    feeds 
The  ox  has  wide  hoofs. 
It   can    work    on    soft 
land. 

The  hog  has  a  strong 
nose.  It  can  dig  roots. 
The  du(;k  has  webs  be- 
tween its  toes.  It  can 
swim  fast.  Many  birds 
that  feed  on  shores  liave 
long  legs  for  wading. 

Every  animal  has  some  way  to 
defend  itself  or  get  out  of  danger. 


The  turtle  draws  itself  into  its  hard 
shell.  The  bee  stings.  The  horse  kicks. 
The  dog  bites. 

Animals  cannot  go  all  over  the 
earth.  They  must  live  near 
their  food. 

The  horse  feeds  in  the  grass- 
land. Birds  that  feed  on  fish  live 
near  water.    Animals 
that  live  on  fruits  are 
seen  near  fruit  trees. 


Elephant  of  Asia  (India) 


Some  animals  are 
very  useful  to  man. 
He  takes  them  to 
new  homes.  Among 
these  are  the  horse, 
cow,  sheep  and  hog. 
Animals    that   feed 

on  grass  can  live  in  many  lands. 

Can  you  think  why? 


62 


^^£^^^^, 


52.  Animals  of  the 
Zones 

The  same  kinds 
of  animals  are  not 
found  in  all  parts  of  a  zone.   The  wide 
and  deep  oceans  keep  them  apart. 

Deserts  are  also  hard  to  cross.    Many 
cannot   go  over  high  ranges.    They 
must  stay  near  their  food. 
The  hot  zone  of  the  Old  World  has 
the  lion,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  giraffe 
and  camel. 
The  hot  zone  in  America  has  none  of  these 
animals.   But  here  we  have  the  tapir  and  the 
anteater.   The  tapir  takes  hold  of  branches  with 
its  long  nose.    The  anteater  runs  out  a  sticky 
^^5::%^   tongue  to  catch  ants. 

The  llama  climbs  the  sides  of  mountains.   It 
looks  like   a  little   camel.     Its  home  is  in 
South  America. 

Many  monkeys  live  in  the  hot  zone. 

Australia  has  none   of   the   animals 

named   above.     But    it    has    the 

jumping   kangaroo.    Here    are 

also  animals  that  lay  eggs  and 

sit  on  them  like  birds. 

The  great  lands  in  the  north  are 

not  far  apart.  Europe  joins  Asia. 

Asia  almost  touches  America.    The 

frozen  sea  joins  them.    This  explains  why 

bears,  deer  and  wolves  can  roam  over  the  north 

temperate  zone.  They  are  also  found  even  in  the  cold 

zone  of  the  north.  The  white  bear  lives  along  the  frozen 

shores  of  all  these  lands.    It  feeds  on  seals  and  fish. 


63 


deer 

scrapes  away  the  snow 

to  find  the  mosses 

l)eneath. 

Great  whales  £j^ 
and  seals  feed  in 
the    cold   sea   of 
the  far  north. 

There  are 
birds  in  nearly 
every  land. 
Some  have 
beautiful 
feathers. 
The  for- 
ests of 
'^the  tor- 
rid zone 
are  alive 
with    ])irds. 

The  condor  is  the  larg- 
est flying  bird.  It  lives  in 
South  America.  The  ostrich 
of  Africa  is  very  large  but 
it  cannot  fly. 

Fish  are  caught  in  the  sea 
and  in  lakes  and  rivers. 

Helps :  —  Name   some  animals   of 
the  torrid  zone  in  the  Old  World ;  —  in  the  New  World. 
Name  some  wild  animals  of  the  north  temperate  zone ;  — 
of  the  frigid  zone. 


64 


Black  man  of  Australia 


53.  The  Black  Race 

There  are  five  great  groups 
of    people    or   rcices    of 
They  differ  in  color 
and  in  many  other 
ways. 

We  may  name 
the  races  by  their 
colors.  There  are 
black,  red,  yellow, 
brown,  white. 

Nearly  all  the 
black  people  live 
in  the  torrid  zone. 
They  are  the  Ne- 
groes. Many  of 
them  have  broad  flat  noses  and 
thick  lips.  Their  hair  is  black  and 
frizzly. 

Many  black  people  live  in  groups 
or  tribes  in  middle  Africa.    The 
air  there  is  hot  and  moist.    Fruits 
grow  wild  all  the  year,  and 
the    people   do  very   little 
work. 

These   people   wear  but 
little  clothing.    They  make 
huts  of  grass  or  branches  of 
trees.    They  use  bows  and 
arrows,    clubs    and    darts. 
They  make  blowguns 
out  of   hollow  stems. 
They    catch    fish    on 
hooks  made  of  bone.  Little  black  boy 


Th  e  black  people  of  mid- 
dle Africa  know  but  little 
of  what  white  people  do. 
But  the  black  peo- 
ple fish  and  hunt, 
cook  their  food  and 
make  simple  cloth- 
ing. Some  know 
how  to  raise  grain. 
They  never  see  any 
books.  People  liv- 
ing in  this  way  are 
savages. 

Many  Negroes 

have  been  carried  to 

lands  where  white 

people  live.   Some  live  as  the  white 

people  do.    There  are  many  in  our 

country. 

Helps :  —  How   many  races    of   men 
are  there?   Name  them  by  color. 

Where  do  most  of  the  black  people 
live  ?  What  other  name  have 
they  ?  What  is  said  of  their 
faces  and  hair  ? 

In  what  zone  is  the  middle 
part  of  Africa  ?  What  are  the 
seasons  of  this  zone  ?  Why  do 
the  black  people  there  use  but 
little  clothing  ? 

Name  some  of  the  weap- 
ons of  the  black  people. 
What  work  do  they  do? 
AVhat  name  do  we  give  to 
people  living  in  this  sim- 
ple way  ? 


65 


G  D 


54.  The  Red  Race 

The  home  of  the  red  race  is 
America.  The 
red  men  were 
here  long  before 
the  white  men 
c^me  to  settle. 
We  call  the  red 
people  Indians. 

Most  of  the 
people  of  the  red 
race  live  in  the 
torrid  zone,  but 
some  are  found 
in  the  temperate 
zones. 

The  pictures 
show  how  Indians  look.  Their  hair 
is  black  and  straight.  They  have 
large  cheek  bones. 

In  South  America  many  of  the 
red  men  are  savages.  They  live 
like  the  black  people  of  middle 
Africa.    They  fish   in   the  rivers 


Indian  girl  of  North 
America 


and  hunt  in  the  forests.  They  use 
bows  and  arrows,  clubs  and  darts. 

Some  of  the  Indians  of  South 
America  live  as  the  poor  white 
men  do. 

Many  of  the  Indians  in  our 
country  raise  cattle,  grain  and  cot- 
ton. They  live  in  houses  and  have 
good  schools.  We  shall  learn  more 
about  them  later. 

The  red  men  were  the  first  to  give 
com  and  tobacco  to  the  people 
of  Europe.  They  also  taught  the 
white  man  how  to  make  canoes  of 
Ijirch  bark. 


Helps :  — 

In  what  zone 
do  most  of 
the  people 
of   the   red 


race 


li 


ve 


Red  men,  or  Indians 


In  what 
part  of  tlie 
world  do 
they    live  ? 

How  do 
the  Indi- 
ans differ 
in  looks 
from  tlie 
Negroes  ? 

What  is 
said  about 
the  Indians 
of  South  America  ? 

How  do  many  of  the  Indians  of  our 
country  differ  from  savages  ? 


Indian  boys  of  South  America 


66 


55.  The  Yellow  Race  Most  of   the  people   of   China 

The  people  of  eastern  Asia  be-  live  on  low  land  near  the  sea  and 

long  mostly   to  the   yellow  race,  near  great  rivers.    They  have  long 

Their  hair  is  black  and  straight,  canals  to  carry  water  to  their  gar- 


Their  eyes  are  set  aslant. 


i^f"^ 

""^B 

l^K^ 

to 

^ 

^^^^^^HIPBrr  .^mB 

uHmr       <   i 

siinH|H 

I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B 

K  ' 

H 

^^^■L-c 

m 

%:-'^  »|^^BaJ| 

i^^Bi 

wBtKlk 

K!'^"^ 

HhI 

^^^fl 

I^BE^'^' ""*'''-'ibm 

h9 

^^HB 

H^^^H 

g 

■ 

Yellow  people  of  Japan 

Most  of  the  yellow  people  live  in 
China  and  Japan.  They  have  many 
large  cities.  They  make  silk  cloth 
and  fine  dishes.  They  raise  tea, 
rice  and  many  other  useful  plants. 

The  boys  and  girls  of  the  yellow 
race  play  many  games.  They  spin 
tops,  fly  kites  and  walk  on  stilts. 


dens.    Tea  plants  grow  in  the  hilly 
parts  of  China. 

Some  of  the  people  of  China 
live  on  boats  in  the  rivers.  There 
are  houses  and  gardens  on  the 
boats. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  the  home  of  the 
yellow  race  ?  How  do  the  yellow  people 
diifer  in  looks  from  the  black  people  ? 

Name  two  countries  where  yellow 
people  live.  The  teacher  will  tell  you 
where  China  and  Japan  are. 

Name  some  kinds  of  work  that  the 
yellow  people  do. 

Kame  some  games  of  the  boys  and 
girls  of  the  yellow  race. 

Where  do  most  of  the  people  of 
China  live  ? 

56.  The  Brown  Race 

The  islands  southeast  of  Asia 
are  the  home  of  the  brown  race. 
Among  these  are  the  Philippine 
islands.  They  are  now  under  the 
care  of  our  country. 

Some  of  the  brown  people  have 
cities  and  towns.  The  cities  are 
ports  for  trading.  Some  of  the 
people  have  good  schools. 

On  some  of  the  islands  the 
people  are  savages. 


67 


The  soil  of  most  of 
the  islands  is  very 
rich.  The  brown  peo- 
ple raise  rice,  sugar 
cane,  coffee  and  many 
spices. 

Fruits  grow  on  all 
these  islands. 

Helps :  —  Where  is  the 
home  of  the  brown  race  ?      Brown  girls  who 
Name  one  of  the  groups  southeast 

of  islands  where  brown 
people  live.    Where  are  these  islands  ? 

What  proves  that  some  of  these 
people  are  not  savages  ?  Name  some 
products  raised  by  the  brown  people. 

Why  do  white  people  send  ships  to 
trade  with  the  brown 
people  ? 

57.  The  White  Race 

The  white  race  is 
now  found  in 
many  lands. 
We  shall 
study  these 
lands   in 
other  les- 
sons. 

You 
do  not 


h\c  Oil  islands 
of  Asia 


White  boy  of  Europe 


need  to 
be  told 

how  some  of  the  white  people  look 
and  dress.    Just  look  around  you. 


The  hair  is  straight 
or  wavy,  and  may  be 
light  or  dark.  As  a 
rule  the  lips  are  thin 
and  the  cheek  bones 
are  not  very  large. 
But  the  skin  may 
vary  from  white  to 
dark  tan.  Some  of 
the  people  are  almost 
black. 

Most  of  the  white 
people  live  in  the  temperate  zones. 
They  have  large  fields  of  wheat, 
corn  and  cotton.  They  raise  mil- 
lions of  sheep  and  cattle.  They 
build  great  cities  and  have  work- 
shops of  all  kinds. 
They  send  ships 
to  all  the  large 
seaports. 

Helps:  — To 
what  race  do  most 
of  the  people  in 
your  town  or  city  j^l 
belong?  Have  you 
seen  people  that 
belong  to  any  other 
race  ? 

How  do  most 
white  people  dif- 
fer in  looks  from 
the  other  races  ? 

In   what   zones 
do  most  of  the  white  people  live  ?  Name 
some  of  the  kinds  of  work  they  do. 


Savage  brown  man 


68 


58.  Government  which   the  laws  are  made  is  the 

Savage    people   live   in    groups     capital.     This    word    means    the 

^^head  city." 


called  tribes.  A  chief  rules  each 
tribe.  He  makes  rules  or  laws,  and 
he  forces  the  people  to  obey  him. 

Most  of  the  red  people  and  the 
black  people  live  in  tribes  and 
have  chiefs. 

A  nation  is  a  group  of  people 
higher  than  sav- 
ages, but  under  one 
ruler.  He  may 
claim  the  right  to 
rule  because  his 
father  or  mother 
was  the  ruler  be- 
fore him.  Or  the 
people  may  choose 
or  elect  him  to  rule 
for  a  few  years. 

One  who  rules 
by  claim  of  birth  is 
a  king  or  a  queen. 
We  call  the  nation 
a  kingdom.  Several  kingdoms  may 
unite  to  form  a  great  empire.  The 
ruler  is  then  called  an  emperor. 

A  nation  like  our  own,  that 
elects  its  own  ruler,  is  a  republic. 
The  ruler  is  a  j^'^esident. 

Nearly  all  the  white  people  and 
the  yellow  people  live  in  nations. 

The  land  in  which  a  nation 
lives   is  a   country.    The  city   in 


Dark-skinned  women  of  the  white  race 
(Egypt) 


The  people  of    our  nation  are 

Amei^icans.    Our    country   is  the 

United  States.    Its  capital  is  the 
city  of  Washington. 

Helps  :  —  Who  rules  over  a  tribe  ? 
What  kind  of  people  live  in  tribes  ? 
What  power  has  a 
chief?  What  races 
live  mostly  in  tribes  ? 

How  does  a  nation 
differ  from  a  tribe  ? 
What  races  live  mostly 
in  nations  ?  What  is 
a  nation  ? 

How  do  men  be- 
come rulers  of  nations? 

What  is  a  king? 
What  is  a  queen? 
What  do  we  call  a  na- 
tion having  a  king  ? 

What  is  an  empire  ? 
Who    rules    over    an 

9 


empire 

What  is  a  republic  ? 
Name  one.  What  do  we  call  the  officer 
at  the  head  of  a  republic  ?  Who  is  now 
President  of  the  United  States  ? 

What  is  a  country  ?  Where  are  its 
laws  made  ?  What  does  capital  mean  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  your  own  state  ? 
Who  is  now  the  governor  ? 

What  do  we  call  the  people  of  our 
nation  ?  To  what  race  do  most  of  them 
belong?  In  what  country  do  we  live? 
Name  the  capital  of  the  United  States. 


69 


THE  CONTINENTS 


NORTH  AMERICA 


th 


59.  Position 

All  of  this  continent  is  north  of 
the  equator.  The  southern  part  is 
in  the  torrid  zone.  There  all  the 
days  are  hot  or  warm. 

The   northern   part    is    in 
frigid  zone.    It  forms  the 
shore  of  the  cold  Arc- 
tic ocean. 

The  best  part  of 
the  continent  is  in 
the  temperate  zone. 
This  part  is  also 
the  largest.  Our 
home  is  here.  We 
have  hot  summers 
and  cold  winters. 

This    continent 
oceans  on  all  sides  except 
at  the  isthmus  of  Panama.    This 
neck    of    land    crosses    to    South 
America. 

The  east  coast  looks  out  upon 
the  wide  Atlantic  ocean.  It  faces 
Europe  and  part  of  Africa.  They 
lie  far  to  the  east. 

The  w^est  coast  fronts  on  the 
vast  Pacific  ocean.  Far  to  the 
west  lies  Asia. 


North  America  is  one  of  three 
continents  that  form  the  shore  of 
the  cold  Arctic  ocean. 

Helps  :  —  What  continents  are  in  the 
New  World  ?  In  which  hemisphere  are 
they  ?    See  page  42. 

^^  On   which    side  of  the  equator 

is   North   America?     Which 
^^^^    part  is  in  the  torrid  zone  ? 
Which  zone  holds   part 
of  its  cold  north  coast? 
In  which  zone  is  the 
iK'st    part    of   North 
America  ?    In  which 
/one  do  we  live  ? 
On   which    side    of 
us  is  Europe  ?    What 
rtMPERAT^^ONE^  ocean  lies  between  Eu- 
rope and  North  America? 
What   continent    is    south- 
east of  North  America  ? 
What  ocean  is  west  of  us  ?    Which 
continent  is   west  of  us  ?    What  does 
the  isthmus  of  Panama  join  ? 

Which  three  continents  partly  circle 
round  the  Arctic  ? 

60.  Form  and  Seacoast 

This  continent  has  the  form  of 
a  triangle  or  wide  wedge.  The  top 
of  the  wedge  is  in  the  north.  The 
cutting  edge  is  in  the  south. 


71 


The  coast  is  broken  by  large 
bays.  Hudson  bay  bends  far  into 
the  north  coast.  Baffin  bay  and 
Davis  strait  are  two  of  many  arms 
of  the  sea  that  cut  off  great  islands. 
The  largest  is  Greenland. 

The  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  breaks 
the  northeast  coast.  Nova  Scotia 
is  south  of  this  gulf. 
The  island  of  New- 
foundland is  in 
the  mouth  of 
the  gulf. 

A  wide  arm 
of   the  sea 
reaches  into  , 
the   south-  I 
east  coast.  It 
is  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.    Flor- 
ida and  Yucatan 
partly  inclose  it. 

Cuba  and  other  is- 
lands stretch  far  east  from 
this  gulf.     These  islands  ait-  iliu 
West  Indies. 

South  of  Cuba  is  the  Caribbean 
sea.    It  reaches  to  South  America. 

The  west  coast  of  North  America 
is  not  so  broken.  Here  is  the  penin- 
sula of  Lower  California.  It  partly 
shuts  in  the  gulf  of  California. 

In  the  far  northwest  is  a  vast 
peninsula.  It  is  Alaska.  The  Arctic 


ocean  is  on  the  north.  The  Pacific 
is  on  the  south. 

Bering  sea  and  Bering  strait  lie 
between  Alaska  and  Asia. 

Bering  sea  is  partly  cut  off  from 
the  Pacific  ocean  by  the  Aleutian 
islands.  They  are  like  stepping- 
stones  to  Asia. 

Helps  :  —  What    is    the   form 
of  this  continent  ?  Which 
coast  has  the  most  is- 
lands ? 
W^here  is  Hudson 
bay?  Name  a  bay 
I  and  a  strait  west 
•  f  Greenland. 
A' he  re  is  Ice- 
iid?  W^iereis 
i[)e  Farewell? 
—  Labrador  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
What  peninsula  is 
south  of   this   gulf? 
What  island   is  in  the 
mouth  of  the  gulf  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Mexico  ?    What 
two  peninsulas  partly  inclose  it  ?  What 
islands  are  east  of  it  ? 

What  bounds  the  Caribbean  sea  on 
the  north  ?  —  on  the  south  ? 

Name  a  long  peninsula  on  the  west 
coast.    What  gulf  is  east  of  it  ? 

Where  is  Alaska?  What  waters 
partly  bound   it  ? 

W^here  is  cape  Prince  of  Wales? 
Where  are  the  Aleutian  islands  ?  See 
page  94.   Where  is  Vancouver  island  ? 


72 


61.  Relief  or  Surface  This  high  and  rough  region  is 

The    western    side    of    North     the    Rocky   Mountain    highland. 

America  is  high.    A  wide  plateau,     We  may  also  call  it  the  Western 

highland. 
It  has  rich 
mines  of 
goldj  sil- 
ver and 
copper. 

Rugged 
mountains 
rise  near 
the  Pacific 
coastline. 
They  are 
along  the 
west  side 
of  the  pla- 
teau. On 
the  eastern 
side  stand 
the  Rocky 
mountains. 


Some  of 
the  peaks  in 
Alaska  are 
very  high. 
Here  tower 
Mt.  McKin- 
ley  and  Mt. 
St.  Elias. 
The  former 


Raise  leaf  73-74  and  see  both  relief  maps  at  once 


or  high  plain,  reaches  far  in  from  -^  ^^^  ^.^^^^^  ^^^^  I^^  ^^p  i^  ^,^^,1^ 
the  west  coast.  Lofty  mountains  four  miles  up  in  the  frosty  air.  See  maj) 
rise   above   it.  on  page  94. 


73 


Pikes  peak  is  a  noted  peak  in  the 
Kocky  mountains  in  our  country. 
Farther  west  is  Mt.  AMiitney.  It  is  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 

West  of  this  highland  a  short 
slope  runs  to  the  sea.  This  is  the 
Pacific  slope. 

East  of  the  highland  lies  a  great 
plain.  It  is  the  Great  Central 
plain.  Often  we  speak  of 
it  as  the  Central  plain.  It 
reaches  from  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

In  the  far  north  the 
bare  plain  is  cold.  Very 
little  can  grow  there.  The 
middle  part  of  this  plain 
has  the  best  grain  land  ii 
the  world. 

The  part  of  the  plaii 
near  the  gulf  is  noted  for 
cotton.   This  is  the  South- 
ern  plain.     It  is   often 
called  the  Gulf  coast  plain. 

East  of  this  great  plain  rise  low 
ranges.  They  form  the  Eastern 
highland.  The  peaks  are  mostly 
low  and  rounded.  They  are  not 
sharp  and  bare,  like  the  Rocky 
mountains.  This  highland  has 
rich  mines  of  ii^on  ore  and  coal. 

The  Eastern  highland  is  also 
called  the  Appalachian  highland. 
East  of  it  is  the  Atlantic  slope. 


Helps  :  —  Which  side  of  North  Amer- 
ica is  highest?  In  what  direction  do 
most  of  the  ranges  run  ?  See  the  maii. 
Name  one  great  range. 

What  other  name  is  given  to  the 
Western  highland?  What  come  from 
its  mines  ? 

Name  two  peaks  in  Alaska.  In  what 
range  is  Pikes  peak?  Where  is  Mt. 
Whitney  ?    What  short  slope  is  west  of 


A  bare  and  rocky  peak  in  the  Western  highland 


the  Western  highland  ?  What  lies  east 
of  the  highland  ?  What  is  said  about 
the  northern  part  of  this  plain  ?  —  about 
the  middle  part  ?  —  about  the  southern 
part  ?    What  is  this  part  called  ? 

What  lies  east  of  the  Central  plain  ? 

What  other  name  has  the  Eastern 
highland  ?  What  is  said  about  this 
highland  ? 

Name  some  products  of  the  Eastern 
highland.   Where  is  the  Atlantic  slope? 


74 


A  river  flowing  from  the  Eastern  highland 


62.  Size  of  the  Continent 
Two  continents  are  larger  than 
ours.    Asia  is  more  than  twice  as 
large.    Europe  is  not  quite  half  as 
large. 

It  takes  swift  trains  four  days 
and  nights  to  go  from  New  York 
to  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  isthmus  of  Panama  is  not 
very  far  from  the  equator.  The 
Arctic  islands  run  far  up  towards 
the  pole.  This  shows  how  long 
the  continent  is.  It  is  partly  in 
three  zones.  It  reaches  from  the 
torrid  zone  into  the  north  frigid. 

Helps  :  —  Name  two  continents  larger 
than  ours.  How  much  larger  is  Asia  ? 
How  much  smaller  is  Europe  ? 

How  long  does  it  take  a  swift  train 
to  go  from  east  to  west  across  North 
America?  What  shows  how  long  our 
continent  is  ?  What  wide  zone  does  it 
cross  ? 


63.  Rivers 

A  river  is  a  large  stream  flow- 
ing over  the  land. 

The  land  on  which  water  lies  is 
its  hed.  A  river  bed  is  under  a 
river.    A  lake  bed  is  under  a  lake. 

Swift  parts  of  rivers  are  rapids. 

Water  falling  over  a  very  steep 
place  forms  a  waterfall. 

The  land  along  the  sides  of  a 
river  we  call  its  hanks.  We  must 
face  down  stream  to  name  them. 
On  the  right  is  the  right  bank. 

All  rivers  flow  down  slopes. 
The  upper  end  of  a  river  is  its 
head  or  source.  The  lower  end  is 
its  mouth. 

Eivers  have  branches.  A  branch 
is  also  called  a  tributary.  Every 
branch  has  a  source.  It  may  be  a 
spring,  a  pond  or  a  lake.  A  spring 
is  water  coming  out  of  the  ground. 


75 


Relief  Map  of  North  America.   Scale  i  inch  to  looo  miles 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  river  ?    What  is  What  is  a  river  bank  ?  Which  is  the 

a  river  bed  ?  —  a  lake  bed  ?  —  an  ocean  left  bank  of  a  river  ?  —  the  right  bank  ? 

bed  ?  What  is  the  source  or  head  of  a  river  ? 

Why  are  some  rivers  swift  and  others  Where  is  its  mouth  ? 

slow?    What  are  rapids?    What  is  a  What  is  a  branch  ?  Name  some  of  the 

waterfall  ?  sources  of  rivers.    What  is  a  spring  ? 


76 


64.  River  Basins 

Often  many  small  streams  meet 
in  a  valley.    Large  ones  also  meet. 

All  the  streams  that  meet  in  one 
valley  form  a  system.  A  river 
system  has  a 
main  stream 
and  branches. 
Here  is  a  pic- 
ture of  a  few  of 
the  rivers  in  one 
large  system. 

This  is  the  Mis- 
sissippi system.  We 
shall  study  about  it 

in  the  next  lesson.  A  river  system 

All  the  land  that  sends  water 
to  a  river  forms  the  hasin  of  the 
river.  A  basin  is  made  of  slopes. 
The  land  slopes  to  the  streams. 

Every  river  system  is  in  a  basin. 


The  streams  drain    or  carry  the 
water  away  from  the  basin. 

The  next  lesson  is  on  drainage. 
We  shall  study  how  the  rivers 
drain  North  America. 

This  continent  has  many  large 
river  basins.    They  are  made 
of  the  slopes. 

The  upper  edges  of  the 
slopes  are  di- 
vides.^ They 
divide  or  part 
the  rain  for 
the  basins. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  river 
system  ?   What  is  the  basin 
of  a  river?    What  drains  a 
river    basin  ?     What    is    a 
divide  ?  Why  do  we  give  it  this  name  ? 

^  A  divide  may  be  called  a  watershed.    A 
basin  is  also  called  a  watershed. 


77 


65.  Drainage 

Find  the  Mississippi  river  on 
page  72.  It  has  many  branches. 
They  are  in  the  warm  half  of  the 
Central  plain.  This  is  the  southern 
half.  The  Mississippi  drains  this 
half  of  the  plain. 

This  river  flows  to  the  south, 
into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  longest 
branch  is  the  Missouri  river.  It 
flows  from  the 
Rocky  mountains. 

Near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Central 
plain  are  many 
large  lakes.  They 
hold  half  the  fresh 
water  upon  the 
earth.  Five  of 
them  are  called  |^' 
the  Great  Lakes.  r 

See  map  oiij)cifje  72.     ---^-— — ''--'-—' 

These  lakes  flow  steamer  going 

into  the  St.  Lawrence  river.  It 
runs  to  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Part  of  the  Central  plain  drains 
to  Hudson  bay.  Farther  north  the 
rivers  flow  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

The  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  slope 
are  not  very  long,  but  they  are 
of  great  value.  Some  turn  mill 
wheels.   Others  form  good  harbors. 

The  Western  highland  sends  a 
few   large   rivers   to    the    Pacific 


ocean.    The  Yukon  is  in  the  far 
north.    It  crosses  Alaska. 

The  Columbia  and  Colorado  rise 
in  the  Eocky  mountains.  They 
flow  across  the  highland  to  the 
west  coast.  One  flows  to  a  gulf. 
The  other  flows  to  the  ocean. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  what  you  can  about  the 
Mississippi  river.  Which  part  of  the 
Central  plain  does  it  drain  ? 


down  rapids  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river 

Where  does  the  Missouri  river  rise  ? 
Into  what  does  it  flow  ? 

Where  are  the  Great  Lakes  ?  What  is 
said  about  them  ?  To  what  gulf  does 
the  outlet  of  these  lakes  flow?  Name 
the  five  Great  Lakes. 

What  is  said  of  the  rivers  in  the 
northern  half  of  the  Central  plain  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  rivers  of  the 
Atlantic  slope?  Where  is  the  Yukon 
river  ?  Name  two  other  rivers  that  flow 
to  the  west  coast.  To  what  gulf  does 
the  Colorado  river  flow? 


78 


66.  Countries 

This  continent  has  three  large 
countries.  There  are  also  a  few 
small  ones.    See  page  70.  .    . 


Little  village  far  north  in  Greenland 


The  largest  is  the  country  in 
which  we  live.  We  call  it  the 
United  States.  It  has  many  states 
united  in  one  country.  Its  capital 
is  Washington. 

The  main  part  of  this  country 
is  in  the  warm  half  of  the  tem- 
perate zone.  Alaska,  in  the  far 
north,  also  belongs  to  it.  So  also 
does  Porto  Rico,  an  island  of  the 
West  Indies.  This  island  is  in  the 
torrid  zone. 

The  island  of  Cuba  is  a  country. 
We  shall  read  about  other  coun- 
tries in  the  West  Indies. 

We  shall  also  read  of  other 
islands  far  out  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  that  belong  to  our  country. 
They  are  not  in  North  America. 

Canada  is  a  large  country  north 
of  us.    Most  of  it  is  in  the  cold 


half  of  the  temperate  zone.  Part 
of  it  is  in  the  frigid  zone.  Like 
our  country,  it  reaches  from  the 
Atlantic  ocean  to  the  Pacific. 

Greenland  and 
Iceland  belong  to 
Denmark,  a  coun- 
try of  Europe. 
They  may  be  called 
Danish  America. 
Mexico  is  south 
of  our  country.  It 
is  west  of  the 
The  southern  half 


are    six 


gulf  of  Mexico, 
of  it  is  in  the  torrid  zone. 
Southeast   of    Mexico 
small     countries. 
They  are  in  the 
torrid  zone.  This 
part  of  the  con- 
tinent is  Central 
America. 


Helps:  — Name 
three  large  countries 
in  North  America. 
Which  is  the  larg- 
est ?  In  what  zone 
is  the  main  part  of 
our  country  ? 

In  what  part  of 
North    America    is 
the    great    city    of 
New  York  ?—  Chicago  ? — Philadelphia  ? 
—  St.  Louis  ?  —  Boston  ?  —  Baltimore  ? 
See  jjage  70. 


Water  carrier, 
Mexico 


79 


Where  is  Alaska?  .To  what  country 
does  it  belong  ?  What  is  Danish  Amer- 
ica? Where  is  the  great  island 
of  Greenland  ?  —  Iceland  ? 

Name  an  island  of  the  \\'est  In- 
dies that  belongs  to  our  country. 
Name  a  country  in  the  West  Lidies. 

What  country  is  north  of  us  ? 
In  what  zones  is  Canada  ?  What 
oceans  border  on  it  ? 

Where  is  Mexico?  In  what 
zones  is  it?  What  is  said  about 
Central  America? 

67.  People 

The  first  white  people  in 
America  came  from  Em-ope. 
They  found  here  many  red 
men,  or  Indians. 

More  than  half  the  people 
of  Mexico  and  the  lands  south 
of  it  are  Indians. 

Some  red  men  live  in  the 
United  States.  Nearly  all  are 
west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Many  Indians  live  in  tents. 
Some  have  houses  made  of  wood 
or  brick.  Some  Indians  plant 
grain  and  tend  cattle. 

Indian  boys  run  races,  swim, 
play  ball,  hunt  and  fish  in  the 
streams. 

Indian  girls  cook  and  work  in 
the  gardens.    But  they  also  find 
some  time  for  play.    They  are  very  fond 
of  dolls.    Some  Indians  can  use  the  rifle. 
Millions  in  South  America  use  the  bow 
and  arrow  or  the  blowgun. 


Helps:  —  What  people  first  lived  in 
America  ?    Where  did  the  white  people 


Indian  mother  and  baby 

come  from?  In  what  parts  of  North 
America  do  red  men  now  live?  Tell 
what  you  can  about  the  Indians.  What 
does  this  picture  show  about  Indians  ? 


80 


Many  Negroes  were  once  slaves  in 

North  America.  They  were  brought 

from  Africa. 

They  are  now 

free.    Many 

of  them  live 

in  the  warm 

parts  of  the 

continent. 

Nearly  all 

the  people  of 

North  Amer- 
Negro  boy  •  •,-, 

ica  are  white. 

They  have  great  cities  with  tall 
houses.  They  have  built  many  rail- 
roads.   Their  ships  sail  on  all  the 
oceans.     Some  raise  wheat,  corn, 
cotton  or  other  crops 
Others  tend  herds  of 
cattle.  We  live  in 
a  land  of  busy 


people.-  More 
than  haJ^'Hof 
them    live 
east  of  the 
Mississippi 
river. 

Tribes  of 
yellow  peo- 
ple live  in  the 
far  north.    They 
are  Eskimos.    They 
hunt  seals  and  catch 
fish  in  the  cold  ocean. 


The  girls  in  the  picture  below  live 
in  Mexico.  They  are  sorting  coffee 
berries,  to  put  the  best  ones  together. 
Their  home  is  in  a  warm  land.  They 
need  only  light  cotton  cloth  for  clothing. 

Helps  :  —  Where  did  the  black  people 
of  America  come  from  ?  Why  were  they 
brought  here  ? 

To  what  race  do  most  of  the  people 
of  North  America  belong  ?  Name  some 
of  the  kinds  of  work  done  by  white  people. 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  Eskimos. 
See  page  50.  What  does  the  Mexican 
picture  below  show  ? 

68.  Climate  and  Plants 

Parts  of  North  America  are  in 

three  zones.    The  northern  part  is 

in  the  frigid  zone.    It  is  too  cold  for 

fruits  and  grain.  A  few 

stunted    trees    grow 

there. 

During  the  few 
warm   weeks 
of  summer 
the  topsoil 
thaws.  The 
wild  flow- 
ers spring 
up  quickly, 
but  most  of 
the  year  all  the 
ground  is  buried 
under  snow. 
In  the  far  south  the 
Girls  of  Mexico  air  is  hot  or  warm  all 


81 


the  year. 
This  part 
is  in  the  tor- 
rid zone.  It 
has  plenty  of 
rainfall,  and 
plants  grow 
almost  every- 
where. 

Bananas, 
coffee  and 
many    other 
products  are 
raised  in  the 
torrid   zone. 
Some  of  the  tree^ 
yield  pretty  wood. 
It  is  used  for  mak- 
ing furniture. 

Between    the    hot 
zone  and  the  cold  zone  lies  tin- 
best  zone  of  all.    It  is  the  tem- 
perate zone.    It  has  the  most 
people,  the  largest  cities,  the  best 
farms,  the  most  cattle.    It  is  the 
zone  we  live  in.    It  has  hot  sum- 
mers and  cold  winters.  It  includes 
most  of  North  America. 

Helps  :  —  111  what  zone  is  the  north- 
ern part  of  this  continent?  Why  can- 
not fruits  or  grain  grow  there  ?  What 
can  grow  in  parts  of  the  frigid  zone  ? 


Which  part 

of  North  America  is 

in   the   torrid  zone  ? 

What  seasons  has  this  hot  zone  ? 

Why  do  many  plants  grow  best  in 
the  torrid  zone  ?  Name  some  plants 
of  the  torrid  zone  in  North  America. 

In  which  zone  do  we  live  ?  What 
seasons  have  we  ?  Name  some  products 
that  grow  in  our  part  of  the  country. 


82 


■"■'  ^i  "li- 


es. Animals 

Read  and  talk 


White  men 
brought  cows 
horses,  sheep 
and    hogs 
from  Europe. 


There    are 
millions  of 
these  animals 
here  now. 

Many  wild  ani- 
mals also  live  here. 
Black  bears  are  seen 
in  the  mountains  and 
forests.    The  white  bear 
lives  in  the  frigid   zone.    It 
catches   fish  and    seals  for   its 
food.    This  is  the  largest  of  the 
bear  family. 

The  grizzly  bear  is  very  fierce. 
It  has  long  curved  claws.  Its  home 
is  in  the  Western  highland. 

There  are  many  deer.  They  feed 
on  grass  and  tender  branches. 

Years  ago  there  were  many 
bisons.      Nearly    all    have    been 


Animal  map  of 

North  America 


killed.  The  bison  is  often  called 
the  buffalo. 

Among  the  smaller  animals  are 
the  wolf,  fox,  rabbit  and  squirrel. 

Many  fur  animals  live  in  the 
cold  parts  of  the  world. 


83 


UNITED  STATES 


70.  Position  and  Size 

Our  country  reaches  east  and 
west  across  the  continent.  The 
Atlantic  ocean  is  on  the  east. 
The  broad  Pacific  is  on  the 
west. 

The  main  part  of  our 
country  is  south  of  Canada. 
It  reaches  to  Mexico  and  the 
gulf  of  Mexico. 

We  trade  with  Europe  and 
Africa  by  way  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean.     By  way  of  Europe 
come  also  some  goods  from  Asia. 
Other  goods  come  from  Asia  to 
our  west  shore. 
We  could  not 


Start  from  New  York.  Walk 
westward  three  miles  an  hour. 
Walk  ten  hours  every  day.    Walk 


White  House,  the  home  of  the  President 
of  our  country,  in  Washington 

all  summer.  You  would  also  need 
some  of  the  days  of  autumn  to 
reach  the  west  coast. 

It  would  take  about  half  as  long 
to  walk  north 
and  south  across 
our  country. 

Helps:— What 

ocean  is  east  of  this 

country  ?  —  west 

of  it?    What  gulf 

is    on   the   south  ? 

^     .,,_..     ^        X    ..-•    V    u-      XI.    1         What  lakes  are  on 
Capitol,  Washington.    In  this  building  the  laws 

of  our  nation  are  made.   At  the  left  is  the  Wash-   ^^^    north?      See 
ington  monument,  the  tallest  stone  monument  in  images  70  and  72. 
the  world  What  country  is 

north  of  us  ?  What  country  forms  part 
of  the  south  border  ? 

In  what  direction  from  this  country 
is  Europe  ? — northern  Africa  ? — Asia  ? 
How  far  is  it  across  our  country  ? 


think  of  the  width  of  this  great 
land.  It  is  three  thousand  miles 
wide.  Let  us  think  of  a  trip 
across  it. 


84 


71.  Form  and  Seacoast 

Our  country  is  four-sided.  The 
north  side  is  broken  by  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  gulf  of  Mexico  breaks 
the  south  side.    See  pages  94-95. 

The  west  coast  is  not  very 
broken.  Near  the  middle  of  this 
coast  is  San  Francisco  bay. 

The  east  coast  is  more  broken. 
Cape  Cod  is  a  peninsula  held  out 
like  a  long  arm.  Southward  many 
bays  enter  the  coast.  Among  them 
are  New  York  bay,  Delaware  bay, 
Chesapeake  bay. 

Helps: — What  is  the  general  form 
of  this  country  ?  What  breaks  the  coast  ? 

Locate  San  Francisco  bay ;  —  cape 
Flattery ;  —  cape  Mendocino. 

Where  is  Cape  Cod  peninsula  ?  Where 
is  Florida?  Name  three  bays  between 
them. 

Where  is  Mobile  bay  ?  —  Galveston 
bay  ?  Cities  of  the  same  name  are  on 
these  bays. 

Where  is  cape  May  ?  —  cape  Hat- 
teras  ?  —  cape  Fear  ?  —  cape  Canaveral  ? 
—  cape  Sable  ? 

72.  Western  Highland  and  Pacific 
Slope 

The  Western  highland  is  high 
and  wide.  It  covers  one  third  of 
this  country.  Many  of  its  long 
ranges  run  nearly  north  and  south. 

The  Rocky  mountains  are  on  the 
east  side.    The  lofty  peaks  of  this 


range  rise  from  a  high  plateau. 
Parts  of  this  high  plain  are  a  mile 
or  more  above  sea  level. 

The  Western  highland  has  rich 
mines.  Here  are  some  of  the  best 
gold,  silver  and  copper  mines  in 
the  world. 

Two  high  ranges  rise  near  the 
west  coast.  They  are  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  the  Cascade  range. 
The  region  west  of  them  is  the 
Pacific  slope. 

"  Sierra ''  means  a  range  looldng  like 
saw  teeth.  "  Nevada "  means  snoivy.  A 
"  cascade  "  is  a  little  waterfall. 

On  the  Pacific  slope  are  many  fer- 
tile valleys.    Some  are  quite  large. 

The  long  valley  of  California  is 
west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  is 
noted  for  wheat.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
rivers.  They  flow  to  San  Francisco 
bay. 

Low  Coast  ranges  rise  near  the 
Pacific  shore.  They  help  to  form 
the  rich  valleys. 

Two  large  rivers  flow  to  the 
west  coast.  They  are  the  Colum- 
bia and  the  Colorado.  Both  rise 
in  the  Rocky  mountains. 

The  Columbia  has  a  long  branch 
from  the  east.  It  is  called  the 
Snake  river.  The  two  unite  and 
reach  the  coast  far  in  the  northwest. 


85 


The  Colorado  river  flows  to  the 
gulf  of  California. 

This  river  has  cut  a  deep  valley  or  can- 
yon in  rock.    It  is  the  Colorado  canyon. 

Some  parts  of  the  rocky  wall  rise  over 
a  mile  above  the  river.  The  rocks  have 
many  colors.  There  are  gray,  brown, 
red,  yellow,  blue. 


A  large  part  of  this  basin  sends  no 
river  to  the  ocean.  The  small  streams 
flow  into  salt  lakes.  We  shall  study 
more  about  them. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  the  Western  high- 
land ?  AVhat  is  said  about  the  Rocky 
mountains  ?  What  comes  from  mines 
in  tliis  liighland  ? 


Canyon  made  by  the  Colorado  river.   It  is  a  mile  deep.   Find  the  man  in  the  picture 

West  of  the  Rocky  mountains 


is  a  wide  dry  region.  It  is  the 
Great  Basin.  It  is  high  and  rough. 
It  reaches  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Mountains  on  the  west  keep  most  of 
the  rain  from  the  Great  Basin.  Some 
rain  falls.  In  places  water  is  led  from 
streams  over  the  land.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile and  this  water  helps  to  make  rich 
garden  spots. 


What  two  high  ranges  are  not  far 
from  the  west  coast  ?  What  does  "  Sierra 
Nevada "  mean  ?  What  is  a  cascade  ? 
Can  you  think  why  the  ranges  took 
these  names  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  valley  of  Cali- 
fornia ?  —  about  the  Coast  ranges  ?  — 
the  Columbia  river?  —  the  Colorado 
river  ?  —  the  Colorado  canyon  ?  —  the 
Great  Basin  ? 

Where  is  Great  Salt  lake  ? 


86 


73.  Eastern  Highland  and  Atlantic 
Slope 

The  Eastern  highland  is  also 
called  the  Appalachian  highland. 
See  map  on  page  72.  It  is  long 
and  narrow   but   not    very   \\\^\. 


The  northern  part  of  this  slope 
is  narrow. 

The  coast  has  many  great  ports. 
They  are  on  deep  harbors.  One 
of  these  is  New  York,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hudson  river. 


Mt.  Mitchell,  the  highest  peak  in  the  Eastern  highland 


The  picture  shows  how  parts  of  it 
look.  It  has  low  plateaus  and 
rounded  peaks. 

This  highland  has  plenty  of  rain. 
It  is  green  with  trees.  Its  rocks 
yield  coal  and  iron. 

The  slope  east  of  this  highland 
is  the  Atlantic  slope.  Many  short 
rivers  flow  down  to  the  sea.  Some 
are  deep  enough  to  float  large 
vessels. 

In  the  south  this  slope  is  part 
of  the  Southern  plain.  It  has  great 
fields  of  cotton. 


Some  rocks  are  made  of  lime.  Water 
may  dissolve  away  the  rock  and  make 
caves.  Part  of  the  roof  of  a  cave  may  fall 
and  part  may  stand  like  a  rock  bridge. 

There  are  many  such  bridges  in  the 
world.  One  of  the  most  noted  is  the 
Natural  Bridge  in  Virginia.  It  is  over 
two  hundred  feet  high. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  the  Eastern  high- 
land ?  What  coast  is  east  of  it  ?  Which 
is  the  wider,  the  Eastern  or  the  Western 
highland  ?  Which  is  the  higher  ?  Name 
two  useful  minerals  taken  from  the 
Eastern  highland. 

Where  is  the  Atlantic  slope  ?  What 
is  said  about  the  rivers  of  this  slope  ? 


87 


Name  a  product  of  the  southern  part 
of  this  slope. 

What  is  said  about  the  northern  part 
of  this  slope  ?  Where  is  New  York  ? 
Tell  about  the  Natural  Bridge. 

74.  Central  Plain 

The  Central  plain  lies  between 
the  highlands.  About  haK  of  it 
is  in  the  United  States.  The 
other  half  is  in  Canada. 

The  part  near  the  Arctic  shore 
is  very  cold.  Its  soil  is  frozen 
nearly  all  the  year.  Plants 
spring  up  only  dui'ing  the  few 
warm  weeks  of  summer. 

The  part  of  the  plain  near  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  is  the  Southern 
plain.  It  is  in  the  warm  part  of 
the  temperate  zone.  It  has 
plenty  of  rain. 

This  part  of  the  plain  is  very 
fertile.  It  has  the  best  cotton 
lands  in  the  world.  It  also  yields 
rice  and  sugar  cane. 

The  Western  plain  is  east  of 
the   Rocky    mountains.    It   re- 
ceives little  rain.  Some  of  the  land 
is   watered   from   streams.    Good 
grass  for  cattle  grows  there. 

The  prairies  are  the  richest 
grain  lands  in  the  world.  They 
are  south  and  west  of  the  Great 
Lakes.    The  soil  is  rich  and  there 


is  plenty  of  rain.  Chicago  is  the 
largest  city  of  the  prairies.  It  is 
a  great  grain  port. 

Helps :  —  Where  is  the  Central  plain  ? 
In  what  two  countries  is  it?  Why  do 
not  many  plants  grow  in  the  far  north  ? 


Natural  Bridge  in  Virginia 

Where  is  the  Southern  plain  ?  In 
what  zone  is  it?  Name  some  of  its 
products. 

W^here  is  the  Western  plain  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  water  supply  ?  What  grows 
there  ? 

Where  are  the  prairies  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  rain  and  soil  in  the  prairies  ? 


88 


89 


See  the  picture  on  page  14.  It 
shows  wheat  cut  on  the  prairies. 
The  word  "  prairie  "  means  meadow. 

The  Mississippi  is  the  largest 
river  of  the  Central  plain.  It  has 
many  long  branches.  From  the 
west  flow  the  Missouri,  Arkansas 


What   is    said    about    the    Missouri- 
Mississippi  river  ? 

75.  Great  Lakes 

Five  great  bodies  of  fresh  water 

are  known  as  the   Great  Lakes. 

They  are  in  a  chain  of  valleys. 

Only  small  rivers  flow  into  them. 


The  Mississippi  river  near  St.  Paul 


and  Red  rivers  to  join  it.  The 
Ohio  river  joins  it  from  the  east. 
The  river  from  the  source  of 
the  Missouri  to  the  gulf  is  often 
called  the  Missouri'Mississippi.  It 
is  the  longest  river  in  the  world. 

Helps  :  —  What  great  river  flows  in 
the  Central  plain  ?  In  what  mountains 
do  the  Missouri  and  Arkansas  rivers 
rise  ?  From  what  highland  does  the  Ohio 
river  flow? 


The  St.  Lawrence  river  flows  out 
of  one  of  them.  The  map  gives 
their  names. 

These  lakes  are  in  one  of  the 
richest  regions  of  the  earth.  It 
has  fields  of  wheat  and  corn.  It 
has  forests  of  hard  and  soft  wood. 
It  has  grass  lands  and  iron  mines. 

Helps  :  —  Where  are  the  Great  Lakes  ? 
Name  them.  Name  some  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  lands  round  the  Great  Lakes. 


90 


Copyright,  1895,  by  A.  E.  Frye 


RELIEF  MAP  OF 


91 


THE  UNITED  STATES 


92 


Steamers  go  from  port  to  port 
on  the  lakes.  They  carry  these 
products.  Large  cities  have  grown 
up  near  the  lakes.    Chicago  is  the 


Falls  of  Niagara,  in  the  Niagara  river  flowing  out  of  lake  Erie 

largest  lake  port  of  the  world.  It 
is  on  the  south  shore  of  Michigan. 

The  Great  Lakes  are  in  wide  and 
deep  valleys.  Lake  Superior  is  the 
largest.    It  is  higher  than  lake  Huron. 

A  swift  river  flows  from  the  upper 


lake  to  the  lower.  It  is  too  swift  for 
ships  to  sail  on.  Great  canals  have  been 
built  past  the  rapids  in  this  river.  One 
is  known  as  the  "  Soo'^  canal.  Steamers 
can  now  go  from  lake  to  lake. 

The  Niagara  river  flows  from  lake 

Erie  to  lake  Ontario.  In  one  place 

the  river  leaps  over  a  cliff  that 

it  has   worn   in  the   rock. 

The  water  falls  into  a  deep 

gorge.  The  falls  of  Niagara 

are  noted  for  their  beauty. 

The  Welland  canal  takes 

ships  from  lake  Erie  to  lake 

Ontario.    This  canal  is  not 

near  the  falls  of  Niagara. 

The  St.  Lawrence 
river  is  the  outlet  of 
the  five  Great  Lakes. 
Steamers  can  go  down 
this  river  to  the  sea. 

Helps  :  —  Why    are    so 
many  steamers  needed  on 
these   lakes  ?    Why  l^^^ 
cities  been  built  near  ^|L| 
lakes  ? 

What  is  said  about  lake 
Superior  ?  Of  what  use  is 
the  "  Soo ''  canal  ? 

Name   a   city   on   lake 
Michigan. 
Where   is    the   Niagara  river  ?    For 
what  is  it  noted  ?    How  can  ships  go 
from  lake  Erie  to  lake  Ontario? 

Name  the  outlet  of  the  Great  Lakes. 
In  what  lake  does  it  have  its  source  ? 
To  what  ocean  do  the  Great  Lakes  send 
water  ? 


93 


76.  Climate 
A  Reading  Lesson 

By  the  word  "  climate "  we 
mean  the  heat,  rain  and  winds  in 
any  place. 

The  United  States  is  in  the 
temperate  zone.  The  southern  half 
has  cool  winters  and  hot  summers. 

The  northern  half  has  four  or 
five  months  of  cold.  Snow  covers 
the  ground  in  winter.  Many  of  the 
rivers  and  small  lakes  freeze.  The 
rest  of  the  year  is  warm  or  hot. 
The  eastern  half  of  the  country 
has  plenty  of  rain.  The  Western 
plain  and  highland  need  more  rain. 


The  most  rain  falls  near  the 
shore  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  This 
is  the  Southern  plain. 

The  dots  on  this  map  show  cities 
and  towns.  The  largest  cities  are 
shown  by  the  largest  dots. 

We  see  that  most  of  the  great 
cities  are  in  the  northeast  quarter 
of  our  country.  The  southeast 
quarter  also  has  many. 

The  western  half  of  the  country 
has  but  few  large  cities. 

Most  of  the  people  live  where 
there  is  plenty  of  rain  for  farming. 
The  rain  also  fills  rivers  that  give 
water  power. 


from         87     Greenwich 


[JILTED  STATES 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


50"T00 

200 

1 

300        400 

600 

1 

COO 

LH     ^    i                              1 

in 

92 

Greenwich 

87 

96 


GROUPS  OF  STATES 


77.  How  States  Began 
A  Reading  Lesson 

When  white  people  first  came 
to  our  land  they  settled  in  groups 
or  colonies.  Many  towns  grew  up. 
The  people  found  it  better  for  the 
colonies  to  be  banded  together. 
They  could  protect  themselves 
from  the  Indians.  They  could 
build  roads  from  town  to  town. 
They  could  make  laws  for  trading. 
Thus  many  small  colonies  joined 
to  make  a  few  large  ones. 

The  large  colonies  were  later 
called  states.  At  first  there  were 
thirteen.  Now  there  are  many  more. 

They  call  themselves  the  United 
States  of  America. 

78.  Five  Groups  of  States 

Some  states  side  by  side  may 
have  the  same  kind  of  surface. 
They  may  have  mills  on  swift 
rivers.  They  may  have  the  same 
kind  of  farms.  They  may  raise 
cattle,  or  they  may  have  mines. 

This  has  led  us  to  think  of  states 
in  groups. 

In  the  northeast  corner  of  our 
country  there  is  a  group  of  six 
states.     The    first    white    settlers 


were  from  England.  They  called 
the  region  JSfew  England.  GroujJ 
I  on  the  maid. 

Our  Atlantic  coast  is  long.  One 
group  of  states  lies  along  the 
middle  of  this  coast.  They  are 
the  Middle  Atlantic  states.  This 
group  reaches  from  New  York  to 
Virginia.    Group  ll. 

West  of  this  group  lies  a  rich 
part  of  the  Central  plain.  It  in- 
cludes the  prairies.  The  states 
here  are  called  the  Central  states. 
Ghroup  III. 

South  of  the  Middle  and  Cen- 
tral groups  are  the  Southern  states. 
Some  are  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
but  most  of  them  slope  to  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.    Grroup  IV. 

There  is  one  more  large  group 
of  states.  They  are  in  the  Western 
highland.  We  may  call  them  the 
Westerji  states.    Group  V. 

Alaska  is  far  away  by  itself.  So 
also  are  Porto  Pico,  Hawaii  and 
the  Philippine  islands. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  New  England  ? 
Where  are  the  Middle  Atlantic  states  ? 
Where  are  the  Central  states  ? 

Locate  the  Southern  states.  What 
highland  crosses  the  Western  states  ? 
In  which  group  of  states  do  we  live  ? 


98 


79.  Middle  Atlantic  States 

The  Eastern  highland  runs 
across  this  group  of  states.  Its 
ranges  are  not  very  high.  Long 
valleys  lie  between  them.  Most 
of  these  valleys  are  fertile. 

The  Atlantic  slope  reaches  from 


•The  people  raise  grain  and  to- 
bacco. Fruits  and  vegetables  grow 
almost  everywhere. 

There  are  many  cattle  on  the 
farms.  Some  of  the  people  make 
butter  and  cheese.  There  are  also 
many  sheep. 

The  mountains  supply  coal 

and   some  iron.    Iron  is   also 

brought    from     other    places. 

There  are  many  oil  and  gas 

wells.    The  iron  and  the 

fuel  have  led  people  to 


Grain 
Elevator, 
Buffalo 

the  highland 
to  the  sea. 
The  lowland 
lying  along 
the  coast  is 
a  plain.  It  is 

narrow  near  New  York,  but  wider 
in  the  south.  West  of  the  high- 
land the  land  slopes  to  the  prairies 
and  the  Great  Lakes.  This  is 
shown  by  the  rivers  on  the  map. 
These  states  have  plenty  of  rain. 
The  winters  are  cold  and  the 
summers  are  hot. 


River  boats  at  piers  on  the  east  side  of  New  York 


build  great  mills  and  factories. 

Fine  clay  is  found  in  parts  of 
the  Atlantic  slope.  Some  of  it  is 
made  into  dishes  and  fine  pottery. 
The  clay  works  at  Trenton  are 
well  known. 

The  prairies  are  west  of  this 
group  of    states.    Many   of   their 


99 


products  are  sent  east  to  Europe. 
The  handling  of  all  the  goods  gives 
work  to  many  people  in  the 
seaports. 

It  is  now  easy  to  see  what  kind  of 
work  the  people  do.  They  dig  coal. 
They  sink  deep  wells  for  oil  and  gas. 
They  build  great  factories.  They  toil 
in  the  iron  mills.  They  plant  wheat  and 
tobacco.  They  tend  cattle  and  sheep. 
They  raise  fruits  and  vegetables.  They 
work  on  railroads  and  canals.  They 
help  to  ship  goods  to  and  from  ports. 

Helps  :  — What  waters  nearly  sepa- 
rate New  York  state  from  Canada  ? 

Which  of  the  Middle  Atlantic 
states  border  on  the  ocean  ?  Which 
do  not  touch  the  ocean  ?  See  fjrouj)  II 
on  page  97. 

Which  of  the  Great  Lakes  border 
on  New  York  state  ?    In  what  state 
is  the  Erie  canal  ?  What  large  island 
Ix^longs  to  New  York  state  ?  What  sound 
or  long  shallow  bay  is  north  of  it  ? 

Name  some  farm  products  of  these 
states.  Name  some  of  the  animals. 
What  are  taken  from  the  mines  ?  What 
come  from  wells  ?  Name  three  kinds  of 
fuel  in  these  states.  Of  what  use  are 
iron  and  fuel  to  a  state  ?  What  is  said 
about  clay  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  kinds  of 
work  the  people  in  these  states  do. 

80.  Cities  of  the  Middle  Atlantic 
States 

New  York  is  the  largest  city  in 
America.     It  is  next   in   size  to 


London,  the  largest  city  in  the 
world.    See  lessons  21  and  22. 

Buffalo  is  at  the  eastern  end  of 
lake  Erie.  This  city  handles  prod- 
ucts of  all  the  states  round  the 
Great  Lakes. 

Some  of  these  products  go  east 
by  water.  Canal  boats  go  from 
lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson  river  and 
down  to  the  city  of  New  York. 


Boats  on  the  Erie  canal 

Railroads  also  follow  the  canal 
and  river  to  the  same  port. 

It  is  easy  to  see  why  New  York 
has  grown.  It  is  on  the  best  route 
of  trade.  The  largest  ships  can 
enter  its  deep  harbor.  Brooklyn 
is  now  a  part  of  New  York. 

Helps  :  —  Name  the  largest  city  in 
America.    Tell  all  you  can  about  it. 

What  is  said  about  Buffalo?  How 
are  products  sent  east  from  Buffalo? 

Why  has  New  York  grown  to  be 
such  a  large  port  ?  Review  lessons 
2S,  31,  and  32.  What  is  said  about 
Brooklyn  ? 


100 


This  large  port  is  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hudson  river.  Steamboats 
go  up  this  river  to  Albany. 

Many  steamship  lines  run  from 
the  Jersey  City  side  of  the  harbor. 
Trains  run  in  tunnels  under  the 
harbor  to  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

Rochester  and  Syracuse  are  cities 
on  the  Erie  canal  route.  Both 
cities  are  also  railroad  centers. 


Where  the  cars  run  overhead 

Falls  in  a  river  supply  water 
power  for  flour  mills  in  Rochester. 
Syracuse  is  well  known  for  its  salt 
works. 

The  mills  and  workshops  of 
Philadelphia  turn  out  almost  every 
kind  of  iron  and  steel  goods.  This 
city  ships  coal  to  other  places. 

This  is  the  third  city  in  size  in 
the  country.  It  is  on  the  Delaware 
river.  Iron  ships  are  built  on  the 
banks  of  this  river.  It  flows  into 
Delaware  bay. 


Many  sheep  are  raised  in  this 
group  of  states.  Wool  is  sent  to 
Philadelphia.  There  it  is  made 
into  yarn  and  cloth.  This  city 
leads  the  world  in  making  woolen 
carpets. 

Pittsburg  has  the  largest  iron 
mills  in  the  country.  This  city  is 
near  oil  and  gas  wells  and  is  within 
easy  reach  of  coal  mines.  Thus  it 
has  plenty  of  fuel. 

In  and  near  this  city 
live  many  men  who 
know  how  to  work  and 
shape  iron  goods. 

Baltimore  is  a  large 
port  near  the  head  of 
Chesapeake  bay. 

Railroads    from     the 

prairies   carry  grain   to 

Baltimore.  Some  of  it  is 

here  ground  to  flour.    Both  grain 

and  flour  are  shipped  to  Europe. 

Chesapeake  bay  has  the  best 
oyster  beds  in  the  world.  The 
oysters  grow  on  the  bottom  of  the 
bay.  Men  in  boats  gather  them. 
Baltimore  is  a  noted  oyster  market. 
Washington  is  the  capital  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  in  the  District 
of  Columbia.  This  District  belongs 
to  the  nation.  It  is  not  a  state. 

The  President  lives  in  Washing- 
ton.   The  laws  of  the  nation  are 


U. DIVERSITY 

OF 


101 


made  here.  The  highest  court  in 
the  land  meets  in  this  city. 

Washington  is  noted  for  fine 
buildings.  The  largest  is  the 
Capitol.  Here  the  nation's  laws 
are  made.    See  page  83. 

This  city  is  on  the  Potomac 
river,  which  flows  into  Chesapeake 
bay.  Farther  south  the  James 
river  enters  the  same  Imy.  The 
city  of  Richmond  is  on  this  river. 


Into  what  bay  do 
James   rivers   flow  ? 
each. 


the  Potomac  and 
Name  a  city  on 


Pretty  home  built  of  stone  from  a  New  England  quarry 

Helps  :  —  What  states  border  on  New 
York  harl>or  ?  ^  Where  is  Jersey  City  ? 
What  is  said  about  it  ?  Where  is  Albany  ? 
—  Rochester  ?  —  Syracuse  ? 

What  states  border  on  Delaware  bay  ? 
Where  is  Philadelphia?  Tell  all  you 
can  about  this  city. 

Where  is  Pittsburg  ?  Give  one  reason 
for  the  growth  of  iron  mills  in  this  city. 
What  states  border  on  Chesapeake  bay  ? 
What  is  said  about  Baltimore  ?  Where 
are  the  best  oyster  beds  in  the  world  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United 
States  ?  Where  is  it  ?  Tell  all  you  can 
about  it. 


81.  New  England  States 

The  New  England  states  are 
east  of  New  York  state.  They 
are  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
country. 

The  Eastern  highland  reaches 
into  these  states.  Part  of  it  is 
here  called  the  AVhite  mountains. 
See  page  95. 
These  moun- 
tain s  have 
many  sum- 
mer resorts. 
The  highest 
peak  is  Mt. 
Washington^ 
These  six 
states-  have 
plenty  of  rain.  The  summers  are 
hot  and  the  winters  cold. 

Helps :  —  Where  are  the  New  Eng- 
land states  ?    See  (jroup  I  on  page  97 

Which  of  the  New  England  states 
border  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  ?  Which 
has  no  seacoast?  Which  border  on  the 
state  of  New  York  ?  Between  what  states 
is  lake  Champlain  ?  See  corner  map  on 
paxje  95. 

What  highland  enters  New  England  ? 
Where  are  the  White  mountains  ?  Name 
the  highest  peak  in  these  states.  What 
kind  of  climate  has  New  England  ? 


102 


New  England  is  hilly  land. 
Most  of  its  soil  is  poor.  Its  rivers 
are  swift  and  turn  wheels  for 
many  mills.  Years  ago  the  wheels 
were  turned  wholly  by  water,  but 
now  steam  is  used  also. 

These  states  lead  in  making 
cotton  and  woolen  cloth.  They 
are  also  first  in  making  boots  and 


This  ship  is  being  built  of  wood  ;  many  snips  are  made  of  plates  of  iron 


farms  ?    Name  four  products  in  which 
these  states  take  the  lead. 

What  is  said  about  paper  and  paper 
mills  ?  Name  two  kinds  of  building 
stone  found  in  New  England. 

82.  Cities  of  New  England 
Boston  is  the  largest  city  in  New 
England.    Its  harbor  is  wide  and 
deep.    This  city  is  one  of  the  chief 

ports  of 
the  coun- 
try. Many 
products 
from  the 
West  pass 
through 
this  port 
to  Europe. 
This 
great  city 
also  helps 


shoes.    The  many  workshops  pro-     to  ship  away  the  many  kinds  of 


duce  nearly  all  kinds  of  tools. 

There  are  soft-wood  forests  in 
the  northern  row  of  states.  Some 
of  the  wood  is  ground  to  pulp  and 
made  into  paper.  The  largest  paper 
mills  in  the  country  are  here. 

Quarries  in  these  states  yield 
marble  and  granite.  Many  fishing 
vessels  sail  from  ports  of  New 
England. 

Helps  :  —  Can  you  tell  why  more  New 
England  people  work  in  shops  than  on 


goods  made  in  New.  England. 

Boston  buys  more  wool  than 
any  other  city  in  the  country.  It 
is  also  a  boot  and  shoe  market. 

Providence  is  noted  for  jewelry. 

Steamboats  can  go  up  the  Con- 
necticut river  as  far  as  Hartford. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Boston  ?  What  is 
said  of  its  size  ?  —  its  harbor  ?  Name 
some  goods  that  pass  through  this  port. 

What  is  said  about  Providence  ?  — 
Hartford?— Portland?  — New  Haven? 


103 


83.  Central  States 

The  Central  states  include  most 
of  the  prairie  regions.  See  group 
III  on  i^dge  97.  Most  parts,  except 
the  far  West,  have  plenty  of  rain. 
The  summers  are  hot  and  the 
winters  cold. 

The  eastern  section  of  these 
states  is  south  and  west  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  It  is  east  of  the 
Mississippi 
river,  and 
the  western 
section  is 
west  of  the 
great  river. 

In  the 
prairies 
found  soniu 
of  the  best 
grain  land 
in  the  world.  Corn  and  wheat  are 
the  chief  grains.  Here  are  also 
rich  grass  lands,  upon  which  mil- 
lions of  cattle  and  sheep  feed. 
This  is  the  best  farm  region  on 
the  earth. 

Com  is  the  best  food  to  fatten  hogs. 
The  corn  lands  are  in  the  eastern  half 
of  the  country.  Most  of  the  hogs  are 
raised  there. 

The  meat  of  hogs  is  pork.  Find  out 
what  bacon  and  ham  are.  This  country 
sends  meat  and  grain  to  Europe. 


The  richest  iron  mines  in  the 
world  are  near  lake  Superior.  Here 
also  are  very  rich  copper  mines. 

Helps :  —  What  group  of  states  is 
east  of  the  Central  states  ?  Which  of 
the  Great  Lakes  are  on  the  north  ? 

Which  states  border  on  lake  Michi- 
gan ?  Which  border  on  the  Ohio  river  ? 
Which  lie  along  the  Mississippi  river  ? 
Which  states  of  this  group  are  wholly 
or  partly  west  of  the  Missouri  river  ? 


Cornfield  iu  the  Ceutiax  piaiii 


Through  what  river  do  the  Great 
Lakes  send  their  waters  to  the  sea  ?  To 
what  gulf  do  the  largest  rivers  of  these 
states  flow  ? 

What  rich  farming  region  is  mostly 
in  the  Central  states?  What  is  said 
about  the  rain  and  the  seasons  here  ? 

Tell  about  the  products  of  the  Central 
states.  What  are  the  chief  grains  ? 
Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  uses 
of  corn ;  —  of  wheat.  Why  are  there  so 
many  hogs  in  the  corn  states  ?  Of  what 
use  are  the  grass  lands  ? 

Where  are  the  richest  iron  mines  ? 
What  other  mines  are  near  by  ? 


104 


F" 


Lifting  a  bridge  in  Milwaukee,  for  a  lake  steamer  to  pass 


There  is  soft  coal  under  parts  of 
the  prairies.  The  states  along  the 
Ohio  river  have  natural  gas.  The 
fuel  and  iron  have  led  to  the  build- 
ing of  many  mills. 

Round  the  lakes  are  soft-wood 
forests.  Hard-wood  forests  are 
found  a  httle  farther  south.  This 
country  leads  in  making  furniture. 
It  is  also  noted  for  wagons  and 
farm  tools. 

The  Central  states  have  good 
waterways.  The  Great  Lakes 
form  one  of  the  best  in  the  world. 
The  map  shows  which  states  and 
cities  can  ship  freight  on  the  lakes. 

The  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers 
are  deep  enough  for  large  steam- 
boats. Long  lines  of  railroad  also 
run  over  these  states. 

We  have  read  about  caves  in  rock 
made  of  lime.  One  of  the  most  noted  is 
Mammoth  Cave.    It  is  in  Kentucky. 

This  cave  is  very  large.  It  has  many 
branches.    If  put  in  a  line,  they  would 


reach  farther  than  you  could  walk  in  a 
week.    The  branches  reach  many  miles. 

Helps  :  —  Where  can  these  states  get 
fuel  ?  Why  are  there  many  iron  mills 
in  the  cities  ? 

What  is  said  about  forests  ?  Can 
you  think  why  wagons  and  farm  tools 
are  made  in  these  states  ?  Name  some 
soft-wood  trees  ;  —  hard-wood  trees. 

Of  what  use  are  the  lakes  and  rivers 
in  these  states  ?  Which  of  these  states 
have  ports  on  the  Great  Lakes?  Name 
two  rivers  that  are  good  waterways. 
How  can  products  be  sent  where  there 
are  no  lakes  nor  rivers  ?  Of  what  use  are 
railroads  that  run  to  ports  ? 

Tell  about  Mammoth  Cave. 

84.  Cities  of  the  Central  States 

Chicago  is  near  the  southern 
end  of  lake  Michigan.  It  is  the 
second  city  in  size  in  America. 

Chicago  is  the  chief  lake  port 
of  the  prairies.  Here  are  brought 
all  sorts  of  goods  from  farms,  for- 
ests and  mines.  Such  a  city  must 
grow  very  fast. 


105 


Chicago  leads  all  the  cities  of 
the  world  in  many  ways.  It  is 
the  largest  lake  port.  It  is  the 
greatest  meat  market.  It  ships  the 
most  wheat  and  corn.  It  makes 
the  most  steel  rails.  It  has  the 
most  railroads. 

This  rich  region  has  other  lake 
ports.  Their  trade  is  not  so  large 
as  that  of  Chicago.  Among  the 
largest  are  Cleveland,  Milwaukee 
and  Detroit. 
The  latter 
is  on  a  river 
that  joins 
two  of  tll( 
lakes. 

There  are 
also  large 
river  ports 
in  the  prai- 
ries.  The 
largest  is 
St.  Louis. 
It  is  on  the 
Mississippi 

river.  Boats  trade  up  and  down 
the  river.  Trains  from  St.  Louis 
reach  far  and  wide. 

Cincinnati  is  a  river  port  and 
railroad  center. 

Railroads  run  from  some  cities 
like  spokes  from  a  hub.  Such  cities 
are  good  trade  centers.    It  is  easy 


to  reach  them.  Kansas  City  and 
Indianapolis  are  good  examples. 

Minneapolis  is  v/ithin  easy  reach 
of  wheat  fields.  It  has  fine  water 
power.  Streams  from  large  forests 
flow  to  it.  This  city  is  a  great 
flour  and  lumber   market. 

Close  by  is  the  city  of  St.  Paul. 
Rail  and  water  routes  make  it  a 
trade  center.  Steamboats  can  go 
from  this  city  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 


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Great  boat  to  carry  trains  of  cars  across  lake  Michigan 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Chicago  ?  Tell  all 
you  can  about  it.  On  what  lakes  would 
a  vessel  sail  in  going  from  Chicago  to 
Buffalo  ?   What  freight  might  it  carry  ? 

Wliat  is  said  about  St.  Louis  ?  Name 
a  port  on  the  Ohio  river. 

What  helps  to  make  Kansas  City 
and  Indianapolis  grow  ?  Tell  what  you 
can  about  Minneapolis  ;  —  St.  Paul. 


106 


85.  Southern  States 

These  states  are  mostly  in  the 
Southern  plain.  See  group  IV-  on 
page  97.  They  reach  east  to  the 
ocean  and  west  to  the  mountains. 

The  Southern  states  have  plenty 
of   rain.    The   winters   are   short 


Peaches,  pears  and  other  fruits 
thrive  in  parts  of  these  states. 
Sweet  oranges  grow  well  in 
Florida.  Many  early  vegetables 
are  raised  for  northern  cities. 

Rice  grows  in  the  wet  lands 
near  many  of  the  rivers.    The  rich 


and  cool.    The  summers  are  long     lands  near  the  lower  Mississippi 
and  hot.  are  noted   for   rice.    Sugar   cane 

Cotton  is  the  leading  crop  in     thrives  in  the  same  region  and  in 
these  states.    Part   is    made   into     other  river  valleys  farther  west. 

Corn  and 
wheat  are 
raised  in 
many  parts 
of  all  these 
states.  For- 
ests of  long- 
leaf  pine 
grow  on  the 
Southern 
plain.  Lum- 
ber and  the 
gum  rosin  are  leading  products. 

There  are  iron  and  coal  mines 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Eastern 
highland.  Iron  mills  have  been 
built  near  the  mines. 

This  long  list  of  products  shows 
what  the  people  of  the  South  do.  They 
work  in  the  cotton  fields.  They  weave 
cotton  cloth.  They  press  oil  from  cot- 
ton seed.  They  take  care  of  fruit  trees. 
They  plant  the  rice  fields.    They  raise 


Loading  cotton  at  Memphis.   Steamboats  on  the  Mississippi  river 

cloth  in  cities  near  the  cotton 
fields.  Much  more  is  sent  to 
northern  cities  and  to  Europe. 

Cotton  grows  in  warm  lands.  It 
needs  plenty  of  rain.  The  best  cotton 
lands  in  the  world  are  in  the  Southern 
states. 

We  have  read  about  making  cotton 
cloth.  The  cotton  seeds  yield  a  useful 
oil.  The  part  left  after  taking  out  the 
oil  is  used  to  fatten  cattle.  It  is  called 
"  oil  cake." 


107 


sugar  cane  and  make  sugar.  They  raise 
corn  and  wheat.  They  feed  cattle.  They 
cut  down  trees  and  saw  lumber.  They 
make  tar  and  rosin  out  of  the  sap  of 
pine  trees.  They  dig  iron  ore  and  coal. 
They  work  in  iron  mills.  They  work 
on  railroads  and  ships. 

Helps  :  —  Name  the  Southern  states 
along  the  Atlantic  ocean.  What  strait 
is  ))etween  Florida  and  Cuba  ? 
Name  the  states  along  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.    See  jmge  95. 

Which  of  the  Southern  states 
are  on  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi? Which  have  no  sea- 
coast  ?  What  river  is  between 
Texas  and  Mexico  ? 

How  does  the  climate  of 
tliese  states  differ  from  that  of 
the  Northern  states  ? 


and  sugar  also  is  large.  Railroads 
run  to  New  Orleans.  Steamers 
from  the  ocean  reach  its  wharves. 

Galveston  is  the  chief  port  on 
the  gulf  of  Mexico.  It  ships  cotton 
and  grain. 

Memphis  is  a  cotton  market. 
It  is  on  the  eastern  bluffs  of  the 


What  is  the  leadingcrop  in  the  South? 
Tell  all  you  can  about  cotton.  Where 
is  the  cotton  used  ?  Name  two  kinds  of 
fruit  that  grow  here.  Name  a  product 
of  the  wet  lands.  What  products  grow 
near  the  Mississippi  river? 

Rice  is  a  grain.  Name  two  other 
grains  that  grow  in  these  states.  Tell 
what  you  can  about  the  long-leaf  pine. 

What  are  mined  in  the  Eastern  high- 
land ?  Tell  all  you  can  about  the  w^ork 
the  people  in  these  states  do. 


Picking  cotton  on  the  warm  Southern  plain 

Mississippi  river.  Its  river  trade 
is  very  large.  Much  of  the  cotton 
is  sent  by  rail  to  eastern  cities. 

Atlanta  is  a  railroad  center.  It 
is  a  market  for  products  of  the 
South.  Large  cotton  mills  have 
been  built  in  this  busy  city. 

Savannah  is  a  port  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It 
takes  high  rank  in  the  export  of 
rosin,  cotton  and  rice. 


86.  Cities  of  the  Southern  States 

New  Orleans  is  the  chief  city  of 
the  South.  It  is  on  the  Mississippi 
river.  This  city  is  the  leading  mar- 
ket for  cotton.    Its  trade  in  rice 


Helps :  —  What  and  where  is  the 
largest  city  ?  Tell  all  you  can  about 
New  Orleans.  What  is  said  about  Gal- 
veston ?  —  about  Memphis  ?  Why  has 
Atlanta  become  a  great  market  ?  What 
is  said  about  Savannah  ? 


108 


87.  Western  States 

These  states  are  mostly  in  the 
Western  highland.  See  group  V 
on  p)ctge  97. 

This  group  has  very  rich  mines 
of  gold,  silver  and  copper. 

The  plains  east  of  the  moun- 
tains support  many  cattle.  Sheep 
and  cattle  are  also  found  in  parts 
of  the  highland. 


Hot  springs  in  Yellowstone  park 

The  valleys  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Cascade  ranges  raise 
wheat  and  fruits.  Fine  oranges 
grow  in  California. 

The  west  slope  of  these  ranges 
yields  lumber.  There  are  many 
great  sawmills  near  Puget  sound. 

There  is  a  wide  plateau  between 
the  Rocky  mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  This  region  is 
known  as  the  Great  Basin. 

The  Great  Basin  is  not  thickly 
settled.  Very  little  rain  falls  there. 


A  large  part  of  the  basin  sends  no 
river  to  the  ocean. 

There  is  salt  in  nearly  all  soil.  Rain 
water  washes  it  out  and  carries  some  of 
it  to  rivers.  There  is  not  enough  to  make 
the  river  water  taste  salt. 

Some  rivers  flow  into  lakes  and  carry 
the  salt  with  them.  If  rivers  flow  out 
of  the  lakes,  they  carry  the  salt  with 
them.  If  no  river  flows  out,  the  salt  is 
left  there.  After  many  years  such  lakes 
become  salt. 

Find  Great  Salt  lake  on  the 
map.  No  river  flows  out  of  this 
lake  and  its  water  is  very  salt. 
Salt  Lake  City  is  not  far  from 
this  lake.  The  fields  near  it  are 
watered  by  streams  from  the 
mountains  and  are  fertile. 

The  scenery  in  parts  of  the 
Western  highland  is  grand. 
There  are  deep  gorges  or  canyons 
worn  by  water  in  solid  rock. 
There  are  high  cliffs,  waterfalls 
and  many  rugged  peaks. 

Each  year  many  people  go  to  Cali- 
fornia to  see  the  Yosemite  valley.  It  is 
on  the  west  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
It  looks  as  if  the  rocks  had  split  in  two 
and  let  the  bottom  drop  down.  In  one 
place  a  stream  leaps  far  down  into  the 
valley.    See  page  110. 

This  same  state  has  many  of  the 
largest  trees  in  the  world.  Some  are  so 
large  that  fifteen  boys  joining  hands  can 
hardly  reach  round  one  of  them.  These 
are  the  "  big  trees  "  of  California. 

Find  the  Yellowstone  park  on  the 
map.    See  page  94.    This  great  park  is 


109 


in  the  Rocky  mountains.     It  has  deep 
canyons  and  high  falls. 

In  places  hot  water  spouts  high  into 
the  air.  Such  hot  spouting  springs  are 
geysers.  If  hot  water  does  not  spout, 
but  only  rises  in  a  basin,  it  forms  a  hot 
spring. 

Helps  :  —  Where  are  the  Western 
states  ?  Which  states  are  crossed  by 
the  Kocky  mountains  ?  Which  border 
on  the  Pacific  ocean  ?  Which  are  next 
to  Canada  ?  Which  lie  along  the  bor- 
der on  Mexico  ? 

Name  two  states  in  the  Great 
Basin.  In  which  is  Great  Salt 
lake  ?   Name  a  city  near  it. 

Name  three  mining  products 
of  these  states.  What  is  said 
about  cattle  and  sheep  ?  —  wheat 
and  fruits  ?  —  lumber  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the 
Great   Basin;  —  about  salt   lakes. 
Where  is  Salt  Lake  City  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  Yosemite 
valley? — the  "big  trees"  of  Califor- 
nia ?  —  Yellowstone  park  ? 

88.  Cities  of  the  Western  States 

Denver  is  east  of  the  Kocky 
inouiitciins.     It    sells    supplies   to 
mining  towns.    This  city  has  also 
a  large  trade  with  cattle  ranches 
on  the  plains. 

Pikes  i)eak  is  not  far  from  Denver. 
A  railway  goes  to  the  top  of  this  peak. 

This  high  point  can  be  seen  from  far 
away  in  the  plain  on  the  east.  Round  it 
rise  many  other  peaks,  but  not  so  high. 


Miners  need  picks  and  shovels.  They 
must  have  also  drills  and  hammers. 
Some  of  the  mines  use  engines  for 
pumping  water  or  for  hoisting. 

The  miners  need  houses  and  all  that 
goes  to  fit  them  for  homes.  They  must 
have    food   and  clothing. 


They  use  powder  for  blasting  hard 
rocks.    Denver  sells  many  such  articles. 

The  long  valley  of  the  Pacific 
slope  yields  much  wheat.  This  re- 
gion has  good  grazing  lands.  The 
mountains  supply  lumber. 

Helps:  —  Tell  what  sup])lies  miners 
need.  What  is  said  aljout  Denver  ?  — 
about  Pikes  peak  ?  Name  some  products 
of  the  Pacific  slope. 


110 


San  Francisco  is  the  largest  city 
on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  has  one 
of  the  best  harbors  in  the  world. 
A  large  foreign  trade,  as  well  as 
coast  trade,  goes  through  this  port. 


Yosemite  valley,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 

Los  Angeles  is  growing  rapidly. 
It  is  the  largest  city  in  southern 
California.  Seattle  is  the  chief 
port  on  Puget  sound.    Seepage  70. 

Portland  is  a  large  port  on  a 
branch  of  the  Columbia  river. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  San  Francisco  ? 
What  is  said  about  it  ?  What  is  said 
about  Portland  ?    Where  is  Seattle  ? 


89.  Alaska 

Alaska  belongs  to  the  United 
States.  This  land  is  in  the  far 
northwest  end  of  North  America. 
Part  of  it  is  in  the  frigid  zone. 
The  winters  are  very  long 
and  cold.  The  southern  coast 
is  the  warmest  part. 

The  river  Yukon  flows  to 
the  southwest,  across  Alaska. 
This  is  a  very  large  river. 
Alaska  has  forests,  but  is 
too  cold  for  grains. 

Many  seals  are  killed  on 
islands  in  Bering  sea.  Furs 
are  made  from  their  skins. 
The  waters  of  Alaska  have 
many  fish. 

Gold  is  found  in  some 
parts  of  Alaska. 

Alaska  has  about  as  many 
white  people  as  Indians  and 
Eskimos.  The  whole  num- 
ber is  small. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Alaska  ? 
See  map  on  page  70.  To  what  country 
does  it  belong  ?  Where  is  Bering  sea  ? 
—  Bering  strait  ? 

In  what  two  zones  is  Alaska  ?  See 
map  on  page  49.  What  is  said  about 
the  seasons  ?  What  great  river  flows 
across  Alaska  ? 

Name  some  products  of  waters  near 
Alaska.  Why  will  grain  not  grow  there  ? 
What  is  said  about  the  people  ? 


Ill 


90.  Hawaii  1 

Hawaii  is  the  name 
of  a  group  of  islands. 
They  are  far  out  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  in  the 
torrid  zone.  They  have 
a  wet  season  and  a  dry 
season.  These  islands 
belong  to  the  United 
States.    See  page  42. 

Sugar  and  rice  are 
two  leading  products. 
There  are  also  bananas, 


Inside  an  Eskimo  hut.   What  toy  does  the  boy  wish  ? 


oranges  and  other  kinds  of  fruit. 

Honolulu  is  the  chief  city.  It  is 
on  a  deep  harbor.  Steamers  carry 
sugar  and  other  products  to  San 
Francisco. 

The  natives  belong  to  the  brown 
race,   but  there  are  more 
yellow    people    tha 
brown  people  in  the 
islands.  The  yellow 
people    are   from 
Japan  and  China. 
The    number   of 
white  people  is  not 
large. 

Helps: — Where    is 
Hawaii  ?    In  what  zone  ? 
To  what  country  do  these 
islands  belong?   Name  the  chief  prod 
ucts  of  Hawaii. 

1  Also  known  as  the  Sandwich  islands. 


What   is   said   about   Honolulu  ? 
what  you  can  about  the  people. 


Tell 


91.  Philippine  Islands 

The  Philippine   Islands   are 
under  the  care  of  the  United  States. 
They  are  far  across  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  near  Asia. 
See  page  139. 
These    islands    are 
in  the  torrid  zone. 
There  is  no  winter, 
but  there  is  a  dry 
season  and  a  rainy 
season. 


Native  brown  girls  of  Hawaii 


Helps  :  —  Where  are 
the  Philippine  islands? 
Under  the  care  of  what 
country  are  they  ?  In  which  zone  are 
these  islands  ?  What  is  said  about  thp. 
seasons  in  the  Philippines  ? 


112 


Tobacco,  sugar  and  hemp  are 
leading  products.  The  hemp  is  a 
fiber   from   leaves    of    a   kind   of 

plant  like 
a  banana. 
The  fiber 
is  used  in 
ropes. 

Most  of 
the  people 
belong  to 
the  brown 
race.  In 
most    of 

People  of  the  Philippines         ,  i  ... 

and  towns  there  are  some  white 
people  and  Chinese.  Little  black 
people  live  in  the  mountains. 


Manila   is   the   largest  city.    It 
is  on  a  large  and  deep  harbor. 

Helps:  — 

Name  two  lead- 
ing products. 
For  what  is  the 
hemp  used  ? 

Tell  what 
you  can  about 
the  people  on 
these  islands. 
See  the  picture 
of  the  Filipino 
homes  on  page 
51.  The  pictures 
on  this  page 
show  people  of 
two  of  the  many 
groups  or  tribes. 
Name  the  largest  Philippine  seaport. 


Mother  and  child  in  the 
Philippines 


WEST  INDIES,  CANADA,  MEXICO 


92.  West  Indies 

West  Indies  is  the  name  of  a 
group  of  islands.  They  are  south- 
east of  the  United  States. 

Nearly  all  these  islands  are  in 
the  torrid  zone.  Summer  is  the 
rainy  season.  They  produce  sugar 
cane,  tobacco  and  fruits. 

Cuba,  Haiti,  Porto  Rico  and  Ja- 
maica are  the  chief  islands.  Porto 
Rico  belongs  to  the  United  States. 

Most  of  the  people  in  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico  are  white,  but  there  are 


many  negroes.  Havana  is  the  chief 
port  of  Cuba.  It  is  noted  for  cigars 
and  tobacco.  It  is  also  a  great  sugar 
market. 

San  Juan  is  the  largest  city  of 
Porto  Rico. 

Helps  :  — Where  are  the  West  Indies  ? 
In  what  zone  are  they  ?  Name  some  prod- 
ucts. Name  four  of  the  islands.  Which 
island  belongs  to  our  country  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  people  of 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  Havana. 
Where  is  San  Juan? 


113 


93.  Canada 

Canada  is  almost  as  large  as 
the  United  States.  The  Western 
highland  and  Central  plain  cross 
both.  Each  has  a  low  Eastern  high- 
land and  Atlantic  slope. 

Canada  is  in  the  cold  half  of  the 
temperate  zone.  The  United  States 
is  in  the  warm  half. 

Most  of  the  rivers  of  the  Central 


Nearly  all  the  useful  products 
of  Canada  come  from  the  southern 
part. 

Montreal  is  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
This  is  the  largest  port  in  Canada. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  in  what  ways  Canada 
and  the  United  States  are  alike.  In 
wdiat  do  they  differ  ? 

Which  of  these  two  countries  has  the 
colder  seasons  ?    Which  part  of  Canada 


Old  fort  and  lighthouse  at  the  mouth  of  Havana  harbor 


plain  of  Canada  flow  into  cold  seas 
of  the  far  north. 

A  large  part  of  the  Central 
plain  in  our  country  is  fertile.  A 
smaller  part  of  the  plain  in  Canada 
is  rich  wheat  land.  The  rest  is 
too  cold  for  grain. 

Both  countries  have  gold  mines 
in  the  Western  highland.  Both 
have  iron  mines  near  lake  Supe- 
rior. Both  raise  many  cattle.  Both 
have  large  forests  near  the  Great 
Lakes. 


is  very  cold  ?  Name  some  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  Canada.  From  which  part  of 
Canada  do  nearly  all  the  products  come  ? 
Name  a  port  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
river.    See  imip  on  iHuje  70. 

94.  Mexico  and  Central  America 

Mexico  is  mostly  in  the  West- 
ern highland.  Part  of  it  is  in  the 
torrid  zone.  The  other  part  is  in 
the  temperate  zone.  The  summers 
on  the  plateau  are  not  very  hot. 
The  coast  lands  are  hot  and  damp. 


114 


On  the  plateau  there  is  good 
land.  The  people  raise  coffee,  cot- 
ton and  sugar  cane.  Many  cattle 
feed  on  the  grass  lands.  Mexico 
has  rich  mines  of  silver. 

Millions  of  Indians  and  white 
people  live  in  Mexico.  Many  of 
the  Indians  live  just  as  the  white 
people  do.  Most  of  the  people  are 
on  the  plateau. 

Mexico  is  the  chief  city.  Rail- 
roads connect  it  with  cities  in  the 
United  States. 

Southeast  of  Mexico  are  six 
small  countries.  They  form  Cen- 
tral America.  These  countries  are 
in  the  torrid  zone.    Most  of  the 


people  are  Indians,  but  there  are 
some  white  people. 

The  United  States  is  digging  a 
canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama. Ships  will  pass  through  it 
from  ocean  to  ocean. 

Helps  :  —  What  country  is  north  of 
Mexico?  In  what  zones  is  Mexico?  What 
is  said  of  its  seasons  ?  —  its  products  ? 

To  what  two  races  do  nearly  all  the 
people  of  Mexico  belong  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  city  of 
Mexico.  Where  is  Central  America? 
How  many  countries  are  there  in  it  ?  In 
what  zone  are  they  ?  What  is  said  of 
their  people  ? 

Where  is  the  isthmus  of  Panama? 
Of  what  use  will  the  Panama  canal  be  ? 


One  of  the  poorer  families  of  Mexico,  and  their  outdoor  oven 


115 


SOUTH  AMERICA 


95.  The  Continent 
A  line  due  south  from  New  York 
city   crosses   many   peaks    in   the 
western  part  of  South  America. 
We  have 


Scene  on  the  Amazon.   Storks  and  lily  pads 


learned  that  the  two  Americas  are 
alike  in  many  ways.  Their  highest 
land  is  near  the  west  side.  They 
have  low  eastern  highlands  and 
wide  central  plains. 

North  America  is  the  larger  and 
its  coast  is  the  more  broken  by 
bays.  It  also  has  many  more  islands 
than  South  America. 


South  America  lies  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  Far 
to  the  east  lies  Africa.  These  lands 
are  partly  in  the  hot  zone. 

South  America  reaches  nearly 
a  fifth  of  the  way 
north  and  south 
round  the  earth. 
It  is  about  two 
thirds  as  wide  as 
it  is  long. 

The  great 
highland  all 
along  the 
west  side  of 
South  Amer- 
ica is  the 
Andes  high- 
land. It  has 
many  lofty 
snow-capped 
ranges. 
The  great  Amazon  river  rises  in 
this  highland.    It  flows  east. 

Helps  :  —  Review  lesson  43  on  page  52. 
Tell  how  North  and  South  America  are 
alike.  In  what  ways  are  they  not  alike  ? 
Which  is  the  larger?  Which  has  the 
more  bays  ?  —  the  more  islands  ?  What 
zone  is  partly  in  both  continents  ? 

How  long  is  South  America?  What 
shows  that  the  Andes  are  very  high  ? 


4JaRTh 


^    iVr         SEA         •     • 


SOUTH 
^       AMERICA 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


400        600        800 


Cape    Horn 


-SOUTH- 


117 


^   L   \J 


^^^^ 


% 


J 

O 
O 


/^ 


^ 


\y 


\ 


^ 


Relief  map  of  South  America.   Scale  i  inch  to  looo  miles 

Where  is  the  Andes  highland  ?  What 
does  the  map  show  about  it?  —  about 
the  highland  of  Brazil  ? 

What  do  the  maps  show  you  about 
the  Amazon  river  and  its  valley  or  basin  ? 
—  the  Plata  river  and  basin  ?  —  the  Ori- 
noco river  and  basin  ? 


Helps :  —  What  ocean  is  east  and  north 
of  this  continent?  What  other  conti- 
nents border  upon  this  ocean  ?  —  on  the 
Pacific  ocean  ? 

What  does  the  isthmus  of  Panama 
unite  ?  Between  what  bodies  of  water 
does  this  isthmus  rise  ? 


118 


The  Amazon  carries  more  water 
than  any  other  river.  It  flows  in 
the  largest  val- 
ley on  the  earth. 

Forests  cover 
a  large  part  of 
this  valley.  They 
are  the  selvas, 
and  the  name 
meMis  forests. 

Southeast 
of  this  valley 
rises  the  high- 
land of  Brazil.  It 
is  wide  but  not 
very  high.  It  reaches 
far  inland  from  the  east 
coast. 

Large  rivers  flow  south 
in  this  central  plain.  They 
join  the  wide  Plata  river. 
Parts  of  the  valley  of  this 
river  are  grassy  plains. 

Find  the  Orinoco  river 
on  the  map.  This  river 
flows  in  a  long  valley. 
There  are  large  grassy 
plains  along  this  river. 
Millions  of  cattle  feed  in 
the  grass  lands  of  South 
America. 

The  relief  map  shows  a  low  high- 
land near  the  northeast  coast.  It 
is  the  highland  of  Guiana. 


Helps  :  —  Tell  what  you  can  about  the 
Amazon  river.     What  are  the  selvas? 
What  is  said  about  the  highland  of 
Brazil  ? 

Where  is  the  Plata  river  ?  What 

is  said  about  the  valley 

of  this  river  ?  Where 

is  the  Orinoco  river  ? 

Wliat  is  said  about 

iC^f^^s^  the  valley  of 

this 


river.'^ 

Wliere 

is  the 

highland 

of  Guiana?  By 

which  seacoast  is 

this  highland? 

96.  Plants  and  Animals 

Most  of  this  continent  is 
in  the  hot  zone.    Part  runs 
far  south  into  the  cool  zone. 
Rubber  trees  grow  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Amazon.    The  rubber  is 
the  dried  sap  of  the  trees.    It  is 
used  in  making  many  things,  such 
as  shoes,  coats  and  tires. 

Cacao  beans  grow  in  South 
America.  Chocolate  is  made  from 
the  beans.    Coffee,  sugar  cane  and 


119 


pepper  grow  in  the  hot  parts  of 
this  continent.    See  the  j^lcint  map. 

The  fertile  lands 
of  the  Plata 
valley  are 
like  the  prairies. 
Both  have  rich 
soil.  Both  are 
in  the   cool 
zone.    Both 
yield    wheat 
and    corn. 
Both  have  many 
cattle  and  sheep. 

The  condor,  llama 
and  alpaca  live  in  the 
hio-h  Andes.   The  condor  is 
the  largest  bird  that  flies. 

The  llama  carries  loads 
of  goods  on  its  back.  The 
wool  of  the  alpaca  is  made 
into  cloth. 

This  land  has  many  par- 
rots and  monkeys.  Great 
snakes  also  are  found  here. 
Can  you  find  in  the  picture 
an  animal  that  looks  like  a 
large  cat  ?  It  belongs  to  the 
cat  family. 

Look  at  the  feet  of  the 
anteater.  The  long  claws 
tear  open  the  nests  of  ants.  The 
sticky  tongue  licks  them  up.  The 
tapir   feeds  on  buds  and  leaves. 


In  all  the  grass  lands  are  mil- 
lions of  cattle,  sheep  and  horses. 

Helps :  —  In  what  zones  is  this 
continent?   Tell  what  you  can 
about  rubber. 

Name  some  other 

plants  that  grow  in 

the  hot  parts 

of  the 


conti- 
nent. 
In  what 
ways  are  the 
Plata  valley  and 
the  prairies  in  our 
country  alike  ?  Name 
some  products  that  grow 
in  both.  What  useful  ani- 
mals   are    raised    in    South 
America? 
Name  the  largest  bird  that  flies. 
Find  a  large  bird  on  page  149.    The 
ostrich  runs   fast  but  it  cannot  fly. 
The  rhea  in  this  picture  looks  like  an 
ostrich  and  is  very  large,  but  it  can 
only  run. 
^  Name  some  animals  that  live  in  the 

Andes.    Of  what  use  are  they  ? 
In  what  family  is  the  jaguar  ?    Tell 
what  you  can  about  the  anteater ;  —  the 
tapir.   Of  what  use  are  the  grass  lands  ? 


120 


97.  People 

People  of  three  races  live  in 
South  America.  They  are  the  red, 
the  white  and  the  black. 

Black  people  were  carried  there 
as  slaves.  Now  they  are  all  free. 
They  live  in  the  towns  and  cities. 

The  white  people  first  went  to 
this  land  after  Columbus 
found  America.    Now  the 
white  people  live  in   all 
the   countries.     They 
have  built  large  cities. 
Most  of  them  are  near 
the  coast,  where  they 
can  trade  with  other 
lands. 

The  white  men 
found  millions  of 
red  men  in  this 
continent.  Nearly 
all  of  them  are  in 
the  hot  zone. 

Most  of  the  Indl-  1°^^^°  »*  South  America 

ans  of  the  low  Amazon  valley  are 
savages.  They  fish  in  the  rivers 
and  hunt  in  the  forests.  Can  you 
tell  what  wild  animals  they  see  ? 

The  red  men  of  the  high  Andes 
had  cities  before  the  white  men 
came.  Some  of  the  houses  and 
bridges  were  made  of  stone.  Many 
of  the  Indians  now  work  in  the 
rich  silver  mines  of  the  Andes. 


Helps  :  —  What  three  races  of  people 
are  found  in  South  America?  Why 
were  black  men  carried  there  ? 

What  is  said  about  white  people  in 
this  land?  Why  have  they  built  cities 
near  the  coast  ? 

What  people  were  in  South  America 
before  the  white  men?  What  is  said 
about  the  red  men  of  the  Amazon  valley  ? 
What  is  said  about  the  red  men  of  the 
high  Andes  ? 

98.  Countries  and  Cities 


Colombia  is  at  the  north 
end  of  the  Andes.    Bogota  is 
its  leading  city. 

The    chief   city    of 

each    country   in    the 

Andes  is  built  in  the 

mountains.     The 

low    coast    lands 

have  fevers. 

?  Ecuador  means 

equator.     It  is  so 

named  because  this 

little  country  is  under  the  equator. 

The  city  of  Quito  is  in  a  high 

valley  in  sight  of  many  large  and 

smoking  volcanoes. 

Peru  and  Bolivia  are  in  the 
middle  Andes.  Lake  Titicaca  is 
between  them.  It  is  over  two 
miles  high.  In  lesson  97  we  read 
about  the  red  men  who  built  cities. 
They  lived  near  this  lake. 


121 


Lima  is  the  chief  city  of  Peru,     port  is  Rio  de  Janeiro.    This  city 
La  Paz  is  the  largest  city  of  Bo-     has  a  large  and  deep  harbor. 


livia.  Both  cities 
are  far  up  in  the 
highland. 

Chili  is  a  long 
country  west  of 
the  Andes.  San- 
tiago is  its  main 
city.  It  is  in  the 
highland.  Val- 
paraiso is  its  seaport  on  the  Pacific. 

Akgentixa  is  east  of  Chili.  It 
is  the  country  of  the  Plata  valley, 
with  soil  and  products  like  our 
prairies.  Its  great  port  is  Buenos 
Aires.  This  is  the  largest  city  in 
South  America,  but  it  is 
only  one  fourth  as  large 
as  the  city  of  New  York. 
Buenos  Aires  ships  grain, 
meat  and  wool. 

Uruguay  and  Para- 
guay are  small  countries. 
Montevideo  is  a  port  by 
the  mouth  of  the  Plata 
river.  This  city  is  the 
chief  port  of  Uruguay. 

Brazil  is   the   largesi 
country  of  South  America. 
It  contains  most  of  the  Amazon 
valley.     Para,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon,  ships  rubber.    Brazil 
is  noted  for  coffee.     Its  leading 


a  grass  boat  on  lake  Titicaca 


Guiana  con- 
sists of  three 
little  countries 
along  the  north 
coast.  They  ship 
sugar,  pepper 
and  other  spices. 

Venezuela  is 
on  the  north 
coast.    Its  chief  city  is  Caracas. 

Helps  :  —  Locate  these  countries  and 
tell  what  you  can  about  each  :  Colombia ; 
Ecuador;  Peru;  Bolivia;  Chili;  Argen- 
tina; Uruguay;  Paraguay;  Brazil;  the 
three  Guianas  {page  116)  ;  Venezuela. 


Scene  in  southern  Brazil 

Locate  these  cities  and  tell  what  you 
can  about  each  :  Bogota ;  Quito ;  Lima ; 
La  Paz  ;  Santiago ;  Valparaiso ;  Buenos 
Aires  ;  Montevideo ;  Eio  de  Janeiro ; 
Para:  Caracas. 


123 


124 


EUROPE 


99.  The  Continent 

Europe  is  west  of  Asia. 
not  one  fourth  as  large  as 

In  many  ways  the  two 
are    ahke.    Both    border    on 


It  is 

Asia. 

lands 

the 


Arctic   ocean. 


enter 


Relief  map  of  Europe.    Scale  i  inch  to  looo  miles 

their  coasts.  Each  has  three  large 
peninsulas  on  the  south  coast. 

The  islands  of  Japan  are  east 
of  Asia.  The  British  Isles  (or 
Islands)  are  west  of  Europe. 

A  great  plain  crosses  the  north- 
ern part  of  both  these  continents. 
The  mountains  are  nearer  the 
south  coast  than  the  north. 


The  larger  part  of  both  these 
lands  is  in  the  temperate  zone.  It 
is  between  the  hot  and  the  cold 
zones. 

The  south  of  Europe  has  many 
mountains,   but   they  are  not   as 
high  as  those  in 
Asia. 

The  Alps  are 
high.  Some  of 
the  peaks  are 
buried  in  snow. 
There  are  many 
pretty  lakes  and 
falls  among  the 
ranges. 

More  than  one 

half  of  Europe  is 

a  plain.   This   is 

part  of  the  same 

plain  that  crosses 

Asia. 

Noted  rivers  flow  from  the  Alps. 

The  Danube  river  runs  to  the  Black 

sea.   The  Rhine  runs  to  the  North 

sea.    The  Rhone  flows  to  the  long 

Mediterranean  sea. 

There  are  long  rivers  in  the 
plain.  The  longest  is  the  Volga. 
It  flows  to  the  Caspian  sea.  This 
sea  has  no  outlet  and  is  salt. 


125 


Helps :  —  Where 
is  said  of  its  size  ? 

Keview  lesson  44  on  jmge  54 
six  ways  in  which  Europe  is  like  Asia. 

Which  part  of  each  has 
a  large  plain  ?  Which  part 
has  mountains  ?  Where  are 
the  Alps  ?  What  is  said 
about  them  ? 

Xame  three  rivers  that 
flow  from  the  Alps.  To 
what  sea  does  the  Danube 
flow  ?  —  the  Rhine  ?  —  the 
Rhone  ? 

Name  the  longest  river 
in  the  plain  of  Europe.  To 
what  sea  does  it  run  ? 


100.  Heat,  Rain  and 
Plants 

Only  a  small  part  of 
Europe  is  in  the  cold 
zone.    No  part  is  in  the  hot  zone. 
Most  of  it  is  between  the  two. 

The  north  coast  is  very  cold. 
As  we  come  south  the  land  grows 
warmer.    Most  of  the  plain   has 


is  Europe  ?    What     hot  days  half  the  year.    The  other 
half  of  the  year  is  very  cold. 
The  shores  of  the  Mediterranean 


Scene  on  the  plain  in  Holland,  a  noted  dairy  country 


Snow-capped  peaks  of  the  Alps 

sea  are  warm.  Most  parts  of  Europe 
have  plenty  of  rain,  and  there  are 
many  trees.  In  the  plain  are  large 
fields  of  grain.  Grass  for  cattle 
and  sheep  grows  here. 

Helps  :  —  Which  part  of 
Europe  is  in  the  cold  zone  ? 
In  what  zone  is  all  the  rest 
of  Europe  ? 

Which  part  of  the  plain 
is  warmest  ?  Where  is  the 
warmest  part  of  Europe  ? 

What  is  said  about  rain  ? 

Name  some  products  of 
the  plain  of  Europe. 


126 


Europe  makes  sugar  from  the 
juice  of  beets.  The  mulberry  grows 
in  the  warm  lands  of  the  south 
coast.    The  people  make  silk  cloth. 

Look  for  the  silkworm  in  the 
picture.    It   is    in  the  warm 
part  of  Europe.     It   feeds 
on    the    leaves     of    the 
mulberry  tree. 

Do    you    see    the 
moth  ?  The  moth  lays 
eggs.    A  tiny    silk 
worm  comes  from 
each  egg.    The 
worms    grow 
large,  as  they 
feed. 


them.   People  unwind  the  cocoons.    The 
fibers  are  made  into  silk  thread  and  cloth. 

Grapes,  oranges  and  other  fruits 
also    grow    in    the    warm    lands. 
Raisins    are    dried  grapes. 
The  juice  of   grapes    is 


After  a  time  the  worms  roll  soft  silk 
round  their  bodies.  The  rolls  of  silk  are 
cocoons.    Seepage  136. 

A  long  time  passes.  The  worms  in 
the  silk  change  to  moths.  Wings  grow  on 


Plant  map  of 
1       Europe 

made  into 
wine  in  the  warm 
parts  of  Europe. 

Helps  :  —  From  what  is  sugar  made  ? 
Of  what  use  is  the  mulberry  tree  ?  Tell 
all  you  can  about  the  silkworm  and  silk. 

Name  two  fruits  of  Europe.  Of  what 
use  are  grapes  ? 


127 


101.  Animals  drags  sleds  over  the  frozen  ground. 

The  white  bear  is  found  along  It  runs  very  fast.  The  people  eat  its 

the  Arctic  coast.   It  feeds  on  seals  flesh  and  drink  its  milk, 

and  fish.    This  bear  can  swim.  The  chamois  and  ibex  live  in 


^ 


Many  sea  birds  build  nests  on  the  mountains.    The  skin  of  the 

the  cold  Arctic  shore.    As  winter  chamois  makes  soft  leather, 
comes  on  they  fly  south.  Helps:  — What  is  said  about  the  white 

The  reindeer  is  the  most  useful  bear  ?  —  Arctic  birds  ?  —  reindeer  ?  — 

animal    near    the    cold    shore.     It  ibex  and  chamois  ? 


128 


102.  People 

Yellow  people  live  in  the  parts 
of  Europe  near  Asia.  Most  of  them 
are  near  the  Volga  and  Danube 
rivers.  Long  ago  the  yellow  peo- 
ple came  from  Asia. 

A  few  yellow  people  live  in  the 
north  of  Europe.  They  live  in  a 
cold  land.  The  picture  below 
shows  one  of  their  huts.  It  is 
made  of  earth  to  shut  out  the 
cold  air.  These  people  keep  many 
reindeer. 

The  picture  on  page  1  shows 
two  white  boys  of  Norway. 


The  earliest 
white  people  to 
settle  in  the 
United  States 
came  long  ago 
from  Europe. 
The  people  of 
the  two  lands 
have  the  same 
kinds  of  mills. 
They  make  the 
same  kinds  of 
things. 

Nearly  all  the  Spanish  boy 

people  of  Europe  are  white.  They 
have  large  cities.  They  build  great 
houses. 

These  people  have  many  ships 
on  the  ocean.  Some  of  them  go 
to  America  for  goods. 

Helps  :  —  Near  what  two  rivers  of 
Europe  do.  many  yellow  people  live  ? 
In  what  other  part  of  Europe  are  yellow 
people  found  ?  What  is  said  about  them  ? 

Where  did  the  first  white  people  in 
the  United  States  go  from  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  white  people 
of  Europe  ? 

103.  British  Isles 

The    British   Isles   are  west 

of  Europe.     There  are  two  large 

islands  and  some  small  ones.    The 
These  yellow  people  live  in  the  far  north  of      t  ,    •      /-i        i    -r*  -i    •         tit 

Europe  where  it  is  very  cold.  See  their  heavy      largest   IS   Great   Britam.     Ireland 

clothing  is  next  in  size. 


129 


Great    Britain    con- 
sists of  England,  Scot- 
land and  Wales.    The 
people  are  English, 
Scotch  and  Welsh.  Ire- 
land is  the  home  of 
the  Irish  peo- 
ple. We  speak 
of   all    as    the 
British  nation. 
They  belong  to 
the  white  race. 

The  British 
people  rule  in 
many  foreign 
lands.  They 
rule  in  Canada, 
India  and  far-off  Australia. 

The  British  people  have  the 
largest  cloth  mills  in  the 
They  have  also  iron 
mines.   The  people  build 
many  iron  ships. 

The  British  also 
make  many  kinds 
of  iron  goods. 

London  is  in 
England.  Find  it 
on  the  map.  It  is 
the  largest  city  in 
all  the  world.  New 
York  ranks  second. 

Liverpool  is  a 
great  port  near  the 


Scotch 

Highlander 


Westminster  Abbey 


west    coast    of    Eng- 
land.   A  large  part  of 
its  trade  is  with  our 
country. 

Edinburgh 

and  Glasgow 

are  large  cities 

of  Scotland. 

Glasgow  makes 

more  iron  ships 

than  any  other 

ity  in  the  world. 

Dublin   is  the  chief 

city  of  Ireland. 

Helps  :  —  Where  are  the 
British  Isles  ? 

Name  the  four  groups 
of  people  in  the  British  Isles.  Which 
do  you  think  live  in  England?  —  in 
Scotland  ?  —  in  Ire- 
land ?  —  in  Wales  ? 

Name  some  lands 
that  the  British  rule. 
Where  is  Canada  ?  — 
India  ?  —  Australia  ? 
What  is  said  about 
the  British  mills  ?  — 
about  ships  ? 

Name  the  largest 
city  in  the  world. 
Where  is  it  ?  Where 
is  Liverpool?  What 
is  said  about  it  ? 

Name  two  cities  of 
Scotland.  For  what 
is  Glasgow  noted  ? 
Where  is  Dublin  ? 


130 


The  Seine  river  in  Paris.   Many  beautiful  bridges  are  built  across  this  river 


104.  Middle  Europe 

Holland,  Belgium  and  Den- 
MAEK  are  small  countries  east  of 
the  British  Isles.  The  people  of 
Denmark  are  the  Danes.  Their 
chief  city  is  Copenhagen. 

Holland  people  are  called  Dutch. 
Their  largest  city  is  Amsterdam. 
The  Dutch  own  Java  and  Sumatra. 
These  are  islands  southeast  of  Asia. 

Holland  is  also  called  Nether- 
lands.   The  word  means  low  lands. 

These  are  the  lands  of  dikes 
and  windmills.    See  jpage  125. 

Brussels,  noted  for  carpets,  is 
the  chief  city  of  Belgium. 


France  is  south  of  England. 
The  French  people  make  silks, 
laces  and  many  other  pretty  things. 

Paris  is  the  chief  city  of  France. 
It  is  next  to  New  York  in  size. 

Paris  is  noted  for  its  beauti^ 
ful  buildings.  Some  of  them  are 
filled  with  paintings  and  marble 
statues. 

Lyon,  by  the  Rhone  river,  makes 
more  silks  than  any  other  city. 

Germany  is  the  home  of  the 
Germans.  It  is  northeast  of  France. 

Germany  is  one  of  the  greatest 
nations  of  the  world.  It  is  noted 
for  its  schools  and  work-shops. 


131 


The  Ger- 
mans and 
the  French 
make  very 
many  kinds 
of  cloth  and 
iron  goods. 
They  raise 
grapes  and 
make  wine. 
They  make 
sugar  out  of 
sugar  beets. 

Berlin   is   the  chief  city  of 
Germany.   It  is  about  half  as  large 
as  the  great  city  of  New  York. 

Hamburg  is  the  largest  port  on 
the  mainland  of  Europe.  It  has 
most  of  the  ocean  trade  of  Ger- 
many. 

Switzerland  is  a  small  coun- 
try in  the  Alps.  It  is 
a  country  of  moun- 
tains. Many  people 
go  there  to  see  the 
peaks,  lakes  and 
falls. 

The  Danube  river 
flows  east  through 
Austria-Hungary. 
This  country  has 
the  same  products 
as  Germany.  The 
great  city  of  Vienna 


is  on  the  Danube  river, 
as  large  as  Berlin. 


It  is  about 


Helps  :  —  Name  three  small  countries 
east  of  the  British  Isles.  Where  is  Den- 
mark ?    Name  its  chief  city. 

Who  are  the  Dutch  ?     Name 

their  largest  city.     Name 

two  islands   they  own. 

What  other   name  is 

given    to  Holland  ? 

Where  is  Belgium  ? 

For  what  is  its  chief 

city  noted  ? 

Where    is    France  ? 

What  is  the  chief  city 

of   France  ?    For  what  is 

it  noted  ?    What  is  said  of 

Lyon  ? 

Where   is    Germany  ?     Name    some 

things  the  German  and  French  people 

make.   Name  the  chief  city  of  Germany. 

How  large  is  it  ?    Where  is  Hamburg  ? 

What  is  said  about  Switzerland  ?  — 

Austria-Hungary  ?  —  Vienna  ? 


A  German 


Vineyards  on  the  high  bank  of  the  Rhine 


132 


105.  Southern  Europe 

Spain  and  Portugal  are  in 
southwest  Europe.  They  are  in  a 
peninsula. 

The  fertile  lands  are  near  the 
coasts  and  rivers. 
Oranges,  grapes 
and  olives   grow 
there. 

Madrid  is  the  lar- 
gest city  of  Spain. 
This  city  is  in  the 
central  part  of  the 
country. 

Barcelona  is  the 
largest  seaport  of 
Spain.  It  ships 
fruitj  wines  and 
olive  oil.  Lisbon 
is  the  chief  city  of 
Portugal. 

Italy  is  a  penin- 
sula in  the  south 
of  Europe.  It  has 
the  same  kinds  of 
products  as  Spain. 

Italy  has  large  cities.  One  is 
Rome.  It  is  a  very  old  city.  Many 
people  go  there  to  see  the  ruins 
of  its  old  buildings. 

Naples  is  a  port  on  the  west 


Italian  children  in  Rome 


of    Italy.    Constantinople    is    the 
largest  city  of  Turkey. 

Greece  is  in  the  same  penin- 
sula. Athens  is  a  noted  city  of 
Greece.    It   is    very  old  and   has 

ruins    of    famous 

temples. 

Helps: — Name  two 
countries  of  southwest 
Europe.  What  lands 
in  them  are  fertile? 
Name  some  of  the 
products. 

Where  is  Madrid  ? 
What  is  said  of  it? 
Name  a  port  of  Spain. 
Name  a  port  of  Por- 
tugal. 

Where  is  Italy  ? 
What  is  said  of  its 
products  ?  Where  is 
Rome  ?  —  Naples  ? 
Where  is  the  volcano 
Vesuvius  ? 

Where  is  Turkey? 
What  country  is  south 
of  it  ?  Name  a  city  of 
Turkey.  For  what  is 
Athens  noted  ? 


106.  Russia,  Norway,  Sweden 

Russia  covers  the  east  half  of 

Europe.    Most  of  it  is  a  plain. 

The  northern  part  is  very  cold. 

coast  of  Italy.   Vesuvius,  a  famous     The  other  parts  have  forests  and 

volcano,  is  near  the  bay  of  Naples,     wheat  lands.     Cattle,    sheep   and 

Turkey  is  in  a  peninsula  east     horses  feed  on  the  plain. 


133 


Town  near  St.  Petersburg 

Russia  is  a  long 
and  wide  country. 
Siberia  belongs  to 
it.  St.  Petersburg 
is  the  chief  city. 
Many  ships  sail 
from  this  port. 

Moscow  is  a  large 
city  far  inland. 
Many  railroads 
meet  here. 

Odessa  is  a  port 
on  the  Black  sea. 
It  ships  wheat  from 
the  great  plains  of 
Russia. 

Norway  and 
Sweden  are  in  a 


White  people  of  Sweden 


peninsula  in  northwest  Europe. 

The  people  of  Norway  catch  many 
fish.  The  largest 
city  of  Norway  is 
Christiania. 

Sweden  is  noted 
for  its  iron  mines. 
The  chief  city  is 
Stockholm.  It  is 
on  the  Baltic  sea. 


Helps  :  —  Where  is 
Russia?  Name  some 
of  its  products.  What 
part  of  Asia  belongs 
to  Russia  ? 

Kame  three  cities 
of  Russia.  Where  is 
St.  Petersburg  ?  — 
Moscow  ?  —  Odessa  ? 
What  is  said  of  each  ? 

Where  are  Norway 
and  Sweden?  Name 
the  chief  city  of  each. 


134 


ASIA 


107.  The  Continent 

One  third  of  all  the  dry  land  is 
in  Asia.  The  highest  peaks  in  the 
world  are  in  Tibet.  They  are  far 
up  where  snow  and  ice  lie  all  the 
year. 

Tibet  is  the  western  part  of 
China.  Most  of  the  rivers  in  China 
run  east  to  the  Pacific. 


Wide  plains  lie  north  of  Tibet. 
They  reach  to  the  Arctic  shore. 
They  are  the  plains  of  Siberia. 

South  of  Tibet  is  India.  It 
slopes  to  the  Indian  ocean. 

The  land  west  of  Tibet  is  high. 
It  is  in  southwest  Asia. 

The  Caspian  sea  is  salt.  No 
river  flows  from  it  to  the  ocean. 


The  coast  of  Asia  has  many 
large  bays  or  seas. 

Helps  :  —  How  large  is  Asia  ?  Where 
is  the  highest  land  ? 

Where  is  Tibet?  To  what  ocean 
does  most  of  China  slope  ? 

Where  are  the  plains  of  Siberia? 
Are  they  warm  or  cold? 

Where  is  India?  What  ocean  is 
south  of  it  ?  Where  is  the  Caspian  sea? 
—  Arabian  sea  ?  —  bay  of  Bengal  ?  — 
China  sea  ?  —  Japan  sea  ?  —  Red  sea  ? 

108.  Heat,  Rain  and  Plants 

Southern 
Asia  has 
three  large 
peninsulas. 
They  are 
portions  of 
Indo-China, 
India  and 
Arabia. 

The  three 
peninsulas 
are  in  the 
hot  zone. 
Among  the 
plants  are 
rice,  tea,  coffee  and  spices. 

Most  of  Asia  is  in  the  cool 
China  and  Japan  are  in  this 


Western  Asia 


zone, 
zone. 


135 


The  lands  near  the  shore  of  Asia 
have  plenty  of  rain.  But  the  land 
far  from  the  ocean  is  dry. 

China  and  Japan  have  rice,  tea 
and  silk.   Silk  is  a  soft  fiber.  We 
have  learned  that  it  is  made  by 
worms.     See  page  126 

The  upper  picture  on 
page    136    shows    tiny 
eggs.  These  are  eggs     ^y 
of  the  silkworm     < 
moth.    After 
a  time,  little 
worms  come 
from  the        * 


A  cocoon  may  have  two  miles  of  silk 
fiber.  One  picture  on  page  136  shows  a 
woman  taking  the  fibers  from  the  co- 
coons. She  has  the  cocoons  in  a  pan 
of  very  hot  water  to  kill 
the  silkworms. 


The  i)icture 
shows    three 
cocoons.  Each 
has   a   moth  in 
it.    See  the  two 
moths     flyin 
They  came  out 
of  cocoons. 


136 


She  unrolls  the  long  fibers  from  cocoons, 
and  then  winds  the  fibers  on  spools. 


s 


EGGS 


COCOONS 


CATERPILLAR  OR    WORM 


Silkworm,  cocoons,  moths  and  eggs 


The  plain  near  the  Arctic  ocean 
is  very  cold.  Little  grows  there. 
Far  south  from 
the  Arctic  shore  the 
plain  is  warmer. 
Part  has  forests  and 
part  has  fields  of 
wheat. 


Helps :  —Name  three 
peninsulas  of  southern 
Asia.    Seepage  139. 

Name  some  j)lants 
of  southern  Asia.  Name 
four  spices,  and  tell 
what  you  can  about 
each.    See  page  57. 


We  have  read  that  silkworms  feed  on 
leaves  of  the  mulberry  tree.  It  grows 
in  the  warm  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


Girl  of  Japan,  unwinding  silk  cocoons 


Which  part 
of  Asia  has 
plenty  of  rain? 
Which  part 
has  little  ?  In 
what  zone  is  / 
most  of  Asia  ?  * 

Name  some 
of  the  products 
of  China  and 
Japan. 

Tell  all  you 
can  about  silk. 

Which  part  of 
Siberia  is  very 
cold  ?  Which  part 
has  wheat  ? 

109.  Animals 

The  pictures  show  animals   of 
all  parts  of  Asia. 


Western  Asia 


137 


The  Arctic  shores  have  seals 
and  white  bears. 

The  largest  of  all  land  animals 
is  the  elephant.  It  has  a  strong 
trunk  to  take  hold  of  things. 

Five   of   these   animals 
are  very  useful.   They 
are  the  yak,  zebu, 
camel,  elephant 
and  buffalo.   /  ' 
All  help  man     / 
to  do  his 
work. 


Helps  :  —  Name  two  Arctic  animals. 
Tell  what  you  can  about  the  elephant ; 
—  the  camel.  Name  five  animals  that 
help  man.  What  is  said  about  the 
buffalo  ?  —  the  tiger  ? 


This  buffalo 

is  not  like 

the  bison,   but 

is  the  true  buffalo.  ^ 

The  tiger  is  found  in  parts  of 
southern  Asia.    It  is  very  fierce. 


138 


Old     I    D    V    d 


G 


A 


f    P 


-^S3^- 


140 


110.  People 

One  half  of  the 
people  in  the  world 
live  in  Asia.  Most 
of  them  live  in 
China  and  India. 

On  the  islands 
southeast  of  Asia 
are  homes  of  the 
brown  people. 

A  few  tribes  of 
black  people  are 
found  in  some  of 
the  islands. 

China  and  Ja- 
pan are  lands  of 
the  yellow   race. 


dark  group  of  the 
white  family.  The 
people  have  dark 
skin,  but  the  form 
of  their  faces  and 
hair  shows  us  that 
they  are  of  the 
white  race. 

White  people 
live  in  southwest 
Asia.  Nearly  all 
these  people  also 
have  dark  skin. 

Thus,  Asia  is 
the  home  of  three 
races  of  people. 
They  include   the 


Chinese  woman  and  child 

A  few  yellow  people  hve  on  the     brown,  the  yellow  and  the  white. 


plain  of  Siberia.     Others  live  in 
Indo-China. 

India  is  the  home  of  a  large 


Brown  people  on  islands  southeast  of  Asia 


Helps :  —  How  many  people  live  in 
Asia  ?   What  lands 
have  the  most  ? 

Where  are  brown 
people  found  ? 

What  two  coun- 
tries are  the  home 
of  the  yellow  peo- 
ple ?  Where  else 
are  yellow  people 
found  ? 

What  people  live 
in  India?  What 
is  said  about  them? 

How  many  great 
races  have  their 
homes  in  Asia  ? 

Which  are  they  ? 


Dark-skinned  white 
girl  of  India 


141 


111.  China 

China  is  in  eastern  Asia. 
Two   long   rivers    cross  China. 
Both  flow  from  hio;h  Tibet.    One 


street  scene  in  China 

is  the  Yellow  river.  The  other  is 
the  Yangtze  river.  The  richest 
soil  of  China  is  near  the  coast 
and   along  the  rivers. 

Rice  grows  on  the  low 
lands.  Tea  grows  on  the 
sides  of  hills. 

Silkworms  feed  in  many 
parts  of  China.  This 
country  sells  tea  and  silk. 
The  Chinese  make  fine  silk 
cloth  and  pretty  dishes. 

China  lias  large  cities. 
The  ruler  lives  in  Peking. 
It  is  about  one  fourth  as 
large  as  New  York. 


Find  Hongkong  on  the  map.  It 
is  a  small  island,  but  many  ships 
go  there.  It  has  half  the  trade 
of  China.  Ships  carry  tea  and 
silk  from  Hongkong.  This  island 
belongs  to  the  British  people. 

Canton  is  a  very  large  city  of 
China.  It  is  on  a  small  river  not 
far  from  Hongkong. 

Nearly  one  fourth  of  all  the 
people  in  the  world  live  in  China. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  China  ?  Name 
two  of  its  rivers.  Where  are  the  best 
parts  of  China? 

Name  some  products  of  China.  Name 
two  things  that  the  Chinese  make. 

Where  does  the  ruler  of  China  live  ? 
How  large  is  Peking  ? 

Where  is  Hongkong  ?  What  people 
own  it  ?    What  is  said  about  its  trade  ? 

Name  another  city  of  China.  What 
is  said  about  the  number  of  Chinese  ? 


Cart  in  a  street  of  China 


142 


112.  Japan 

Japan  is  a  group  of 

islands  east  of  Asia. 
Japan  has  no  long 

rivers,  but  it  has  many 

short  ones.  Rice  grows 

in  the  low  lands  near 

the  rivers. 

Japan  has  many  tea 

farms.  It  also  has  mul- 
berry trees.  Silkworms 

feed  on  the  leaves  of 

these  trees,  as  we  have  learned. 
The  people  of  Japan  are  yellow. 

They  are  quick  to  learn.     They 

make  many  things  out  of  paper. 

They  also  carve  ivory  and  wood. 

They  have 
factories 
for  making 
cloth.  In 
great  mills 
they  make 
iron  goods. 
The  ruler 
of  Japan 
lives  in  To- 
kyo. It  is 
about  as 
large  as  Pe- 
king. 

Tokyo  is 
noted  for 


White  children  ui  iiidia 


and  vines.  Yokohama 
is  its  port. 

Nagasaki  has  a  large 
and  deep  harbor.  Many 
ships  go  there  from 
other  lands. 

Korea  is  ruled  by 
Japan.  The  people  of 
Korea  are  yellow. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Ja- 
pan? Name  some  products 
of  Japan.    What  is   said 
about  its  peoj)le  ?   How  large  is  Tokyo  ? 

Name  two  jxjrts 
of  Japan. 

W^hat   is    said 
about  Korea? 


^ 


m^^. 

»^ 

E^ 

ti 

fi 

k-,„r 

i 

%A 

■i 

'^'m 

^M   \.-y: 

^"^  3 

'^\ 

"V'-^r* 

'^^B"^ 

■^  '.Vll 

.J 

M    1 

\  'm 

If 

m 

11 

fep 

\ 

B;; 

J 

113.  India 

India  lies 
south  of  high 
Tibet. 

The  Ganges 
river  flows  east 
in  India.  It 
flows  in  a  very 
fertile  plain. 

Part  of  India  is  in  the  hot  zone. 
The  rest  of  it  is  also  very  warm. 

The  chief  products  of  India  are 
cotton,  rice,  wheat  and  tea.  Most 
of  the  tea  grows  in  Ceylon. 

India  has  three  fourths  as  many 
people  as  China,  but  they  are  white 


Child  of  Korea  (yellow) 


Boys  of  Japan  on  stilts      its  temples     people. 


143 


The  British  nation  rules  over  the 
minions  of  people  of  India. 

The  city  of  Calcutta  is  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  one 
fourth  as  large  as  New  York. 

Bombay  is  not  so  large  a  port 


Woman  of  high  caste,  India 


Temples,  in  India  on  the  Ganges  river 


over  India? 

What  people 

I  ve  in  India  ? 

Name  two 

great  cities  of 

as  Calcutta.     These  two  cities  ship      India.    Where  is  Calcutta  ?   How  large 

away  many  kinds  of  goods.  ^^  ^^  •    ^^^^^^'^  ^'  ^^^"^^^  • 


Helps: — ^^^lere 
is  India?    Name 
a  river  of  India. 
What  is    said 
about  heat  in  In- 
dia? Name  some 
of   its  prod- 
ucts. 

Where  is 
the  island 
of  Ceylon  ? 
What  grows 
on  it?  What 
people  rule 


Woman  of  India 


A  family  of  yellow  people  of  Asia. 


144 


114.  Other  Parts  of  Asia 

There  are  many  large  islands 
southeast  of  Asia.  They  are  the 
East  Indies.  Java  is  the  richest. 
Its  chief  crops 
are  coffee  and 
spices. 

Other  large 
islands  are 
Sumatra  and 
Borneo. 

Indo-China 
is  in  south- 
east  Asia. 

Southwest 
Asia  is  dry. 
It  has  several 
large  coun- 
tries. 


Persia  is 
famous  for  its 
dates,  rugs  and 
carpets. 

Arabia  is 
noted  for  coffee 
and  fine  horses. 
The  country  is 
dry. 

Coffee  grows 
near  the  Red 
sea.  Mocha  is 
a  coffee  port. 

Helps: — Where 
are  the  hot  East 


White  boys  of  Turkey 


White  girl  of  Persia 


Indies  ?   Name  three  of  the  islands. 

Where  is  Indo-China  ? 

For    what     is     Persia     famous  ?  — 
Arabia  ? 

Name  a  coffee  port  on  the  Eed  sea. 


Homes  on  a  large  island  southeast  of  Asia  (Borneo) 


145 


AFRICA 

115.  The  Continent  stony.    Other  parts  are  level.    In 

Africa  is  south  of  Europe.    It  is     places  the  sand  blows  into  hills. 

next  in  size  to  Asia.    Nearly  all         South  of  the  desert  are  grassy 

Africa  is  high.    Most  of  the  low     lands   and   forests.    Large   rivers 

land  is  near 

the  seacoast. 

There    are 

high  ranges 

on  the  east, 

north    and 

south   sides. 
There  is  a        ^:' 

great  desert 

in  the  north 

of    Africa. 

known  as  the 


Camp  in  the  sandy  Sahara 

Sahara.    This  dry  region  is  half 
as  large  as  Europe. 

The  desert  looks  like  these  pic- 
tures.   Parts  of  it  are  rough  and 


Rough  part  of  the  desert 

flow  to  the  sea.  The  larg- 
est is  the  Kongo.  It  flows 
near  the  equator. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Africa  ?  How 
does  it  rank  in  size  ?  What  is  said  about 
high  land  and  low  land  in  Africa  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  Sahara. 
What  are  south  of  the  desert  ?  To  what 
ocean  does  the  Kongo  flow? 


-nA*^VM- 


CAFE  OF  GOOD  IIjOTPB 

WAPE  COLONY  J/ 
Cape  Town^ 
AFRICA  Cape  0/ Good  Hope 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


0       200    400     COO    800    1000   1200   1400 


-SOUTH- 


147 


^ 


r> 


'V 


r 

> 


<p 


vS^ 


/' 


SA 


HARA^OR   gREAT^ESERT     .   ^^ 
_     S  U  V     ©         A    "'^N  iJ^^ 


^ 


A 


o 


o 


o 


^ 


y 


Relief  map  of  Africa.   Scale  i  inch  to  looo  miles 


148 


116.  Heat,  Rain  and  Plants  ^^.e^t  grows  in  the  south  of 

A  large  part  of  Africa  is  in  the  Africa.    Wheat,  cotton  and  sugar 

hot  zone.    The  land   reaches  into  grow  near  some  parts  of  the  Nile 

the  cooler  zone  on  each  side.    No  river. 


part  is  in 
the  cold 


ii^ 


zone. 


Helps  :  —  In  what  zone  is  the  larger 
part  of  Africa?  What  river  valley  does 
the  equator  cross? 
Where  is   Su- 
dan ?  Name  two 
of  its  animals. 
What  part  of 
Africa   is 
very  dry  ? 


CESERT   SCENE 


Plant  map  of  Africa 

The  equator  crosses  the 
high  valley  in  which  the 
Kongo  river  flows.   The  rains 
are  heavy.    They  feed  the 
great  rivers.   Large  forests 
grow  here. 

Sudan  has  rain  enough 
for  grass.  Many  camels  and 
horses  feed  there. 

We  know  that  the  great  desert 
is  very  dry.    A  long  river  rises 
near  the  equator  and  flows  north 
across  the  desert.    It  is  the  Nile. 

Many  palms  grow  in  Africa.  Some 
give  sweet  dates.    Others  yield  oil. 


mmm 


■^£- 


^^y^*,   #^;>- 


mM 


What 
stream 
flows 
across 
the  east 
side  of 
tlie  great 
desert?    To 
what  sea  does 
it  flow  ? 
Name  some  of  the 
plants  of  Africa. 
Look   at   the    plant 
map  and  tell  all  you 
can  see  in  the  pictures. 


149 


117.  Animals 

Africa  has  many  large  animals. 
Some  are  strong  and  savage. 

The  lion  is  seen  near  the  great 
desert.    The  huge 
elephant 

feeds  on  ^  _  ^^ 

grass       m       ^HSm    €i^         ^j 
and 


St^^. 


Long  hairs  hang  over  the  eyes 
to  keep  out  the  hot  sand.  Tlie 
camel  can  also  close  its  nostrils. 

The  gorilla  is  stronger  than  a 

man.    Its  arms  are  very  long. 

The   giraffe   has    a  long   neck. 

The  picture  shows  many 

other  animals 

of  Africa. 

-    — -MtJiiujiiL  -^ \     Helps:  —  Name 

some    animals 

of   Africa. 

Can  you  tell 

anything 

about  any 

of   the 


^i'^ 


Animal  map  of  Africa 

branches  in  the  wet  lands. 
The  hippopotamus  likes  to 
wade  in  the  water. 

The  camel  shows  clearly 
liow  animals  grow  to  fit  their 
homes.  The  camel  lives  in  the 
hot  desert.  It  can  go  three 
or  four  days  without  drink- 
ing. It  carries  water  in  little 
cells  in  the  wall  of  its  stomach. 

Some  camels  have  one  hump. 
Others  in  Asia  have  two.    The 
humps  are  fat.     The  camel  can 
go  a  long  time  without  food.    The 
body  uses  this  fat. 


N 


animals 
in   this 
picture  ? 
Which 
of  these 
animals 
are  like 
animals 
of  Asia  ? 
What  does  the 
lesson  tell  about 
the   lion  ?  —  the 
elephant  ? — hippo- 
potamus ?  —  camel  ? 
—  gorilla  ?  —  giraffe  ? 
Find  a  bird  in  the  picture. 


150 


Home  in  northern  Africa  (Algeria) 

118.  Northern  Africa 

The  Sahara  is  between  the  lands 
of  the  white  and  the  black  people. 
The  white  people  are  north  and  the 
black  people  sonth  of  the  desert. 

Egypt  is  in  northeast  Africa. 
The  Nile  flows  across  it. 

The  white  people  of  Egypt  are 
Arabs.  They  have  gardens  near 
the  Nile.  No  rain  falls,  but  at 
times  the  river  flows  over  its  banks 
and  wets  the  land. 

The  Arabs  raise  cotton,  wheat 
and  sugar  cane. 

The  Suez  canal  is  in  Egypt. 
Ships  can  go  from  the  Ked  sea  to 


the  Mediterranean.  This  canal  is 
used  by  ships  going  from  Europe 
to  Asia  and  the  East  Indies. 

Cairo  is  the  largest  city  in 
Africa.    It  is  on  the  river  Nile. 

Alexandria  is  the  port  of  Egypt. 

White  people  live  along  the 
north  coast  of  Africa.  At  the  left 
is  a  picture  of  some  of  them. 

Helps :  —  What  race  of  people  is 
found  south  of  the  great  desert  ?  What 
race  is  north  of  it  ? 

Where  is  Egypt  ?  What  river  flows 
across  it  ?  What  people  live  in  Egypt  ? 
To  what  race  do  the  Arabs  belong  ? 

How  do  the  Arabs  get  water  for 
their  gardens  ?    What  do  they  raise  ? 

What  is  a  canal  ?  Where  is  the  Suez 
canal  ?  What  seas  does  it  connect  ?  Of 
what  use  is  this  canal  ? 

On  what  river  is  Cairo  ?  W^hat  is 
said  about  the  size  of  this  city  ?  What 
is  said  about  the  city  of  Alexandria? 


H         r^ 

. 

HHBSBS^I^^^^HII     '*^^??f  ^E^NJiMMy  ^WB 

1^ 

^^^^^^1^^^^ 

1 

Dark-skinned  white  boys  (Arabs)  at  school 


151 


119.  Middle  and  South  Africa 

The  home  of  the  black  race  is 
in  Sudan  and  south  Africa.   These 
black     people 
are  Negroes. 
The     black 
people  of  Su- 
dan are  not  all 
savages. 
Some    live 
in    towns. 
They  have 
many  caiu- 
els    and 
horses. 

Most  of 
the  black 
people  of 
the  Kongo  valley  are  savages. 
They  hunt  and  lish.  Many  of 
them  have  gardens. 

White  people  go  to  the  Kongo 
valley  to  buy  palm  oil  and  ivory. 
The  ivory  comes  from  the  tusks 
of  elephants.  The  oil  comes  from 
palm  trees. 

The  British  people  rule  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  in  south  Africa,  but 
the  natives  are  black.  This  picture 
shows  some  of  the  black  people. 
They  are  Kaffirs.  Many  white 
people  also  live  here. 

South  Africa  has  rich  gold 
mines.     It   has   also    the   richest 


Black  girl  of  Liberia 


diamond  mines  in  the  world.   The 
Kaffirs  help  in  the  mines. 

Cape  Town  is  the  largest  port 
in  south  Africa. 

Helps :  —  Where  is  the  home  of  the 
black  people  ?  What  is  said  about  the 
Negroes  of  Sudan  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  people 
of  the  Kongo  valley.  Why  do  white 
people  go  to  the  Kongo  valley  ? 

W^hat  is  the  color  of  the  natives  of 
south  Africa  ?  What  people  rule  in  the 
country  called  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

Name  two  products  of  south  Africa. 
Name  the  largest  port  near  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  continent.  What  cape  is 
near  it  ?    Where  is  Madagascar  ? 


Black  people  (Kaf&rs)  of  southern  Africa 


153 


AUSTRALIA 


\ 


120.  The  Continent 

Australia  is  the  small- 
est of  tlie  continents.  It 
is  southeast  of  Asia.  It 
lies  south  of  the  equator. 

The  Alps  are  a  high 
range  near  the  southeast 
coast.  The  other  ranges 
are  mostly  hills. 

The  inland  parts  of 
Australia  are  dry.  There 
are  wide  deserts. 

The  lands  east  of  the 
mountains     are     fertile. 
There  is  good  land  also 
in  the  valley  of  the  Murray  river. 
The  Darling  is  a  branch  of  this 
river.    Wheat  is  raised  here. 

Part  of  this  continent  is  in  the 
hot  zone.  Few 
people  live  in  this 
part.  It  has  not 
rain  enough,  but 
grass  for  shee]  > 
grows  in  many 
places. 

The  rest  of  the 
land  is  in  the 
temperate  zone. 
Most  of  the  peo- 
ple live  near  the 


N   D  I  A  N 
OCEAN 


WxE  STERN 


4. 

La 
o 
O 


.„  / ...  ^  N 

^•CiSTRALIA     *        SOUTH  ^^ ->-V  ^     "^ 

AUST^*ALIA,  f4       ^^ 


<'  Vv^  \ 


NEW  soy^H 


^^J£i 


NDIA'N      OCEAN  ^»-*^"' 


Ll. 

it'   - 

O 


Australia.  Scale  i  inch  to  looo  miles 

southeast  coast.    Here  they  have 
built  cities  of  good  size. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Australia  ?  On 
whicli  side  of  the  equator  is  it? 

What  is  said  of 
the  inland  region  of 
Australia  ? 

What  parts  of 
tliis  land  are  fertile  ? 
Name  a  large  river. 

In  which  zone  is 
the  northern  part  of 
Australia  ?  Wliat  is 
said  about  this  hot 
part?  In  which  zone 
is  the  rest  of  the 
land?  Where  do 
the  people  live  ? 


154 


121.  Plants  and  Animals 

The  southeast  parts  of  the  con- 
tinent raise  wheat  and  corn.  Many 
sheep  graze  there. 

Large  parts 
of  the  hot 
and 


dry  inland 

region  have  thorny  bushes. 

It  is  hard  to  travel  there. 

Many  of  the  trees  keep  their 

leaves  all  the  year,  but  the  outer 

bark  falls  off.  Some  turn  the  edges 
of  their  leaves 
up  to  the  sun. 
Then  the  heat 
cannot  wither 
them  so  quick- 
ly. This  land 
has  a  great 
many  strange 
animals.  They 
are  not  found 
in  other  parts 
New  Zealand  woman     of  the   earth. 


The  kangaroo  has  strong  hind 
legs.    It  runs  by  leaping. 

Men  hunt  the  kangaroo  for  its 
skin.    It  makes  good  leather. 
The  tuck  mole  has  a  bill  like 
a  duck.    It  swims  in  water 
and    catches    bugs.    This 
animal  lays  eggs. 
The  echidna  also  lays 
eggs  like  a  bird.    It 
catches  ants  with  its 
sticky  tongue. 

This  land  has 
many  birds.  The 
largest  is  the  emu. 
It  runs  but  cannot 
fly.  It  looks  a  little 
like  the  ostrich. 

Helps :  —  Name  two  products  of  the 
farms.  What  animal  of  this  land  sup- 
])lies  wool  ?  What  is  said  about  trees  in 


Hut  of  savage  head-hunters  in  Borneo 

this  land  ?  What  is  said  about  the  kanga- 
roo? —  the  duck  mole  ?  —  the  echidna  ? 
What  large  running  bird  lives  here  ? 


J 


155 


122.  People  and  Cities 

The  natives  of  x\ustralia  are 
black.  They  are  poor  savages. 
There  are  only  a  few- 
thousand 
They  huni 
wild  an' 


Melbourne  is  on  the  southeast 
coast.  It  has  a  deep  harbor.  This 
is  the  largest  port  of  Australia. 
Sydney  is  a  port  on  the  east 
coast.  These  cities  are  hke 
ours  in  America. 

The  city  of  New^  York 
has  about  as  many 
people  as  all  Aus- 
tralia. 


mals  and  berries  for  food. 

These  savages  use  long  spears. 
They  also  use  sticks  called  boom- 
erangs. They  throw  them  with 
great  force.  When  the  boomerang 
strikes  the  ground 
it  bounds  back  to 
the  person  who 
threw  it,  if  it  does 
not  hit  its  mark. 

The  first  white 
people  in  Aus- 
tralia went  from 
the  British  Isles. 
They  raise  wheat, 
com  and  sheep. 
Many  people  w^ork 
in  gold  mines. 


Helps: — What  is 
the  color  of  the  natives 
of  Australia  ?  What 
do  they  eat  ?  Tell  about 
the  boomerang. 

Where  did  the  white 

people   of  Australia 

come  from  ?   Tell  what 

kind  of  work  they  do.    Name  the  largest 

port  of  Australia.  On  which  coast  is  it  ? 

Name  another  port  on  the  east  coast. 

What   is  said  about  the  numlier  of 


Scene  m  the  tun  id  zone,  Mai^iicUi 


156 


123.  Pacific  Islands 

New  Zealand  is 
southeast  of  Aus- 
tralia. It  consists 
of  two  large  islands 
and  a  few  small 
ones. 

New  Zealand  has 
high  mountains. 
Snow  lies  on  some 
of  them  all  the  year. 
This  land  has  rich 
gold  mines. 

Many  sheep  and 
cattle  graze  in  these 
islands. 

New  Guinea  is 
north  of  Australia.  It  has  few 
people  for  so  large  an  island.  Most 
of  them  are  cruel  black  savages. 

Borneo  is  the 
largest  island  in 
the  world.  The 
people  are  brown. 

There  are  many 
groups  of  islands 
far  out  in  the  Pa- 
cific. Brown  peo- 
ple live  on  most  of 
them.  Some  of  the 
people  are  black. 
There  are  a  few 
white  people  on 
some  islands. 


Bamboo  hut  and  natives  in  the  Solomon 
islands 


Look  at  the  map 
far  east  of  Australia. 
Can  you  find  the 
Fiji  islands.  Most 
of  these  islands  are 
made  of  lava  and 
ashes  from  volca- 
noes. The  people 
are  savages. 

This  picture 
shows  how  the  men 
on  some  Pacific 
islands  look  and 
dress. 

The  Tonga  and 
Samoa  islands  form 
two  other  groups. 

what   you   can  about 
-  New  Guinea ;  —  Bor- 


Helps :  —  Tell 
New  Zealand;  — 
neo ;  —  Fiji  islands  ;  —  Samoa  islands. 


Canoe  in  the  Caroline  islands 


WORD  LIST 


WORD  LIST 

Key:  ale,  Jit,  c4re,  arm,  final,  all;  eve,  6nd,  her,  recgnt;  ice, 
anchpr;  use,  up,  fur,  awful;  food,  foot;  ch  as  in  chop;  y  as  in  go; 
n  as  in  banyan ;  oi  as  in  oil ;  ow  as  in  cow. 


Ill,  admiral 
ng  as  in  sine 


old,  f6r,  on, 
n  as  in  ink : 


Abyssinia,  ab-is-shi'i-a 
Adriatic,  ad-re-at'ik 
Afghanistan,  af-gS,n-is-tan' 
Africa,  af'ri-ka 
Alabama,  ai-a-ba'ma 
Alaska,  a-13,s'ka 
Aleutian,  a-lfi'shi-an 
Alexandria,  3,l-ggs-3,n'dri-a 
Algeria,  ai-je'ri-a 
Algiers,  ai-jerz' 
Allegheny,  al'e-ga-n! 
Altai,  al-tr 
Amazon,  am'a-zon 
Amsterdam,  Sm'ster-dam 
Amur,  a-moor' 
Anam,  a-n3,m' 
Andes,  an'dez 
Annapolis,  an-nSp'o-lis 
Antarctic,  S,n-tark'tTk 
Antwerp,  Sufwerp 
Apennines,  ap'en-ninz 
Appalachian,  Sp-pa-la'cliT-an 
Apteryx,  Sp'te-rix 
Arabia,  a-ra'bi-a 
Aral,  ar'al 

Archipelago,  ar-ki-pgra-go 
Arctic,  ark'tik 
Argentina,  ar-jen-te'na 
Arizona,  ar-T-zo'na 
Arkansas,  ar'kan-sa 
Armadillo,  ar-ma-dil'lo 
Asia,  a'shi-a 
Atacama,  a-ta-ka'ma 
Athens,  3,th'enz 
Atlanta,  3,t-lS,n'ta 
Auckland,  ak'land 
Augusta,  a-gus'ta 
Aurochs,  6'rox 
Au  Sable,  a  sa'bl 
Australia,  as-tra'lT-a 
Austria,  as'tri-a 

Bahama,  ba-ha'ma 

Bahia,  ba-e'a 

Baku,  ba-koo' 

Balkan,  bal-kan' 

Baltic,  bal'tik 

Baltimore,  bal'ti-mor  or  -mor 

Baluchistan,  ba-loo-chis-tjin' 

Barcelona,  bar-se-lo'na 

Batavia,  ba-ta'vi-a 

Baton  Rouge,  b3,t-un  roozh' 

Bedouin,  bed'oo-en 

Belgium,  berjT-um 

Belize,  ba-lez' 

Benares,  ben-a'rez 


Bengal,  bgn-gal' 
Bering,  be'ring 

Berlin,  ber'lin  or  Ger.  ber-len'' 
Bermuda,  ber-mu'da 
Bern,  bern 

Binghamton,  bing'am-ton 
Birmingham,  ber'ming-um 
Biscay,  bis'ka 
Bogota,  bo-go-ta' 
Boise,  boi-za' 
Bokhara,  bok-a'ra 
Bolivia,  bo-liv'i-a 
Bombay,  bom-ba' 
Bordeaux,  b6r-d6' 
Borneo,  b6r'ne-o 
Bosnia,  boz'ni-a 
Bosphorus,  bos'fo-rus 
Bothnia,  both'ni-a 
Brazil,  bra-zil' 
Brooklyn,  brook'lin 
Brunswick,  brunz'wik 
Brussels,  brus'selz 
Budapest,  boo'da-pest 
Buenos  Aires,  bo'nus  a'rlz  or 

Sp.  bwa'nos  i'res 
Bulgaria,  bool-ga'ri-a 
Burma,  bur'ma 
Butte,  but 

Cacao,  ca-ca'o 
Cairo,  ki'ro  (Egypt) 
Calcutta,  kai-kut'ta 
California,  kal-T-for'ni-a 
Caliao,  kal-ya'o 
Cambridge,  kam'brij 
Canada,  kan'a-da 
Canton  kSn-ton'  (China) 
Caracas,  ka-ra'kas 
Cardiff,  kar'dif 
Caribbean,  kar-Tb-be'an 
Caribou,  car'i-boo 
Carolina,  kar-o-ll'na 
Caroline,  kar'o-lin 
Caspian,  kas'pi-au 
Cassiquiari,  ka-se-ke-a're 
Caucasian,  ka-ka'shan 
Caucasus,  ka'ka-sus 
Celebes,  sel'e-bgz 
Ceylon,  se-16n' 
Champlain,  sham-plan' 
Chamois,  shSm'i 
Chattanooga,  chat-ta-noo'ga 
Chautauqua,  cha-ta'kwa 
Chesapeake,  ches'a-pek 
Cheyenne,  shi-6n' 
Chicago,  shg-ka'go 


Chile,  chela 

Chimpanzee,  chIm-pS.n'zI 
Christiania,  kris-te-a'ne-a 
Cincinnati,  sln-sin-na't! 
Cobra,  co'bra 

Cochin  China,  ko'chln  chl'na 
Colombia,  ko-16m'b6-a 
Colon,  ko-lon' 
Colorado,  kol-o-ra'do 
Connecticut,  kon-net'T-kut 
Constantinople,      kon-stan'ti- 

no'pl 
Copenhagen,  ko'pen-ha'gen 
Corinth,  kor'inth 
Cuba,  ku'ba 
Cuzco,  koos'ko 

Dakota,  da-ko'ta 
Dallas,  daras 
Danube,  dan'ub 
Dardanelles,  dar-da-nelz' 
Davenport,  dav'en-port 
Delaware,  dgl'a-war 
Delhi,  ludia,  dgl'le 
Des  Moines,  de-moin' 
Des  Plaines,  da-plan' 
Detroit,  dg-troit' 
Dnieper,  ne'per 
Dniester,  nes'ter 
Dresden,  drgz'den 
Dubuque,  doo-buk' 
])uluth,  du-looth' 
Dwina,  dwe'na 

Eau  Claire,  o  klar' 
Echidna,  e-kid'na 
Ecuador,  ek-wa-dor' 
Edinburgh,  6d'in-bdr-o 
Egypt,  e"'jTpt 
Eider,  i'der 
El  Paso,  el  pa'so 
Emu,  e'nui 
Euphrates,  u-fra'tez 
Evansville,  6v'anz-vil 
Everest,  ev'er-6st 

Fiji,  fe'je 
Finland,  fin'laud 
Fiord,  fyord 
Florida,  fiorT-da 
Fujiyama,  foo-ji-a'ma 

Galapagos,  ga-iap'a-gos 
Galveston,  gai'ves-tou 
Ganges,  gS,n'jez 
Gavial,  ga'vi-al 


Ill 


Genesee,  j6n-e-s6' 
Geneva,  je-ne'va 
Genoa,  j6n'o-a 
Georgia,  j6r'ji-a 
Gibraltar,  jl-bral'tar 
Gila,  he'la 
Glasgow,  glSs'go 
Gloucester,  glos'ter 
Gobi,  go'be 
Greenwich,  gren^j 
Guayaquil,  gwi-a-kel' 
Guiana,  ge-a'na 
Guinea,  gln'e 
Guthrie,  guth're 

Haiti,  ha'ti 
Halifax,  haKe-fflks 
Hatteras,  hat't^r-as 
Havana,  ha-van'a 
Havre,  ha'ver 
Hawaii,  ha-wi'e 
Helena,  hgl'e-na 
Himalaya,  hini-a'la-ya 
Hoangho,  hg-ang-ho' 
Honduras,  hon-doo'ras 
Hongkong,  hong-kong' 
Honolulu,  ho-no-loo'loo 
Houston,  hus'ton 
Hungary,  hun'ga-ri 
Huron,  hu'ron 

Ibex,  i'bCx 

Idaho,  i'da-ho 

Iguana,  i-gwa'na 

Illinois,  !l-lI-noi'  or  -noiz' 

India,  In'di-a 

Indiana,  in-dl-an'a 

Indianapolis,  in-dl-3,n-ap'o-lTs 

Indes,  In'dez 

Indus,  in'dus 

Iowa,  i'o-wa 

Irkutsk,  Tr-kootsk' 

Italian,  i-ti\l'yan 

Itasca,  I-t3,s'ka 

Jaguar,  ja-gwar' 
Jamaica,  ja-ma'ka 
Japan,  ]'a-p3,n' 
Java,  jji'va 
Jersey,  jer'zT 
Joliet,  jo'le-6t 
Juneau,  ju-n5' 

Kaffir,  kaf fer 
Kalahari,  ka-la-ha'ri 
Kamchatka,  kam-chat'ka 
Kansas,  kSn'sas 
Kentucky,  ken-tukl 
Khartum,  kar-toom' 


Kilauea,  ke-low-a'a 
Klondike,  klon'dik 
Knoxville,  noks'vil 
Koala,  ko-a'la 
Kongo,  kon'go 
Korea,  ko-re'a 
Krakow,  kra'ko 
Kyoto,  ke-o'to 

Labrador,  lab-ra-dor' 
Ladoga,  lad'6-ga 
Ladrones,  la-dronz' 
Lafayette,  la-fa-et' 
Lansing,  lan'sTng 
La  Paz,  la  pas' 
Lapland,  lap'land 
La  Plata,  la  pla'ta 
Laporte,  la-port' 
Laramie,  lar'a-me 
Las  Vegas,  las-va'gas 
Leadviile,  led'vil 
Leavenworth,  16v'en-worth 
Liberia,  li-be'ri-a 
Lima,  le'nia  (Peru) 
Lisbon,  ITz'bon 
Liverpool,  liv'er-pool 
Llama,  la'ma 
Llanos,  la'nos 
Los  Angeles,  los  an'g$l-6s 
Louisiana,  Ido-e-ze-a'na 
Louisville,  looTs-  or  loo'I-vil 
Luzon,  loo-zon' 

Mackenzie,  ma-ken'zT 
M adagascar,  mad-a-gas'kar 
Madras,  ma-dris' 
Madrid,  ma-drid'  (Spain) 
Magellan,  ma-jgl'an 
Maine,  man 
Malay,  ma-lay' 
Manchester,  man'ches-ter 
Manchuria,  man-choo're-a 
Manila,  ma-nil'a 
Manitoba,  man-i-to'ba 
Marmora,  mar'mo-ra 
Marseille,  mar-sal' 
Massachusetts,  nuts-a-chu'sets 
Mauna  Kea,  mow'na  ka'a 
Mauna  Loa,  lo'a 
Mediterranean,   m6d'i-ter-ra'- 

ne-an 
Mekong,  ma-kong' 
Melbourne,  mgl'burn 
Memphis,  mem'fis 
Mendocino,  m6n-do-se'no 
Merrimac,  mer'i-mak 
Messina,  m6s-se'na 
Mexico,  ni6ks'i-ko 
Michigan,  mishl-gan 


Milan,  mil'an  or  mi-lan' 
Milwaukee,  mil-wa'ke 
Minneapolis,  min-e-ap'o-lls 
Minnesota,  min-e-so'ta" 
Mississippi,  mis-is-ip'i 
Missouri,  mis-oo'ri 
Mobile,  mo-bel' 
Mohawk,  mo'hak 
Mongolia,  mon-go'li-a 
Monrovia,  mon-ro'vi-a 
Montana,  mon-ta'na 
Mont  Blanc,  mont  blSnk 
Montenegro,  mon-ta-na'gro 
Montevideo,  mon-te-vid'e-o 
Montgomery,  mont-gum'er-i 
Montpelier,  mont-pe'lT-er 
Montreal,  mont-re-al' 
Morocco,  mo-r6k'5 
Moscow,  mos'ko 
Mount  St.  Elias,  sant  e-li'as 
Mozambique,  mo-zam-bek' 
Munich,  niu'nik 
Murray,  mur'ra 

Naples,  na'plz 
Nebraska,  lig-bras'ka 
Netherlands,  ngth'er-landz 
Nevada,  ne-va'da 
Newfoundland,  nu'fond-land 
New  Guinea,  nu  gln'e 
New  Hampshire,  liamp'shir 
New  Orleans,  6r'le-anz 
New  Zealand,  ze'land 
Niagara,  nl-ag'a-ra 
Nicaragua,  ne-ka-ra'gwa 
Niger,  ni'jgr 
Norfolk,  ndr'fok 
Nova  Scotia,  no'va  sko'shT-a 
Nyanza,  ni-an'za 

Oakland,  ok'land 
Oasis,  o'a-sTs 
Odessa,  o-des'sa 
Oklahoma,  ok-la-ho'ma 
Olympus,  o-lim'pus 
Omaha,  o'ma-ha 
Ontario,  6n-ta'ri-o 
Opossum,  o-p6s'um 
Orang-outang,  o-rang'  ow-tSng 
Oregon,  or'e-gon 
Orinoco,  o-ri-no'ko 
Ornithorliynchus,     6r-ni-tho- 

rin'kus 
Oswego,  6s-w6'go 
Ottawa,  ot'ta-wa 

Pacific,  pa-sif'Ik 
Palermo,  p9,-ler'mo 
Palestine,  pSl'gs-tln 


IV 


Pampas,  pa,m'pgs 
Panama,  p3,ii-a-ma' 
Papua,  pap'oo-a 
Para,  pa-ra' 
Paraguay,  pa-ra-gwl' 
Parana,  pa-ra-na' 
Patagonia,  pat-a-go'nT-a 
Peccary,  pec'a-ri 
Peking,  pe-king' 
Pemisylvania,  pgn-sTl-va'ni'-a 
Pensacola,  pen-sa-ko'la 
Pernambuco,  p6r-nani-boo'ko 
Persia,  per'shi-^ 
Peru,  pe-roo' 
Phoenix,  fe'niks 
Philadelphia,  fll-a-d61'ti-a 
Philippine,  fil'ip-fn 
Pittsburg,  pits' burg 
Plata,  pla'ta 
Porto  llico,  por'to  re'k5 
Port  Said,  sa-ed' 
Portugal,  por'tu-gal 
Portuguese,  por'tu-gez 
Potomac,  po-to'mak 
Poughkeepsie,  po-kip'si 
Pretoria,  pre-tor'e-a 
Pribilof,  pre-be-lof 
Providence,  prov'i-dgns 
Prussia,  prush'ya 
Puget,  pti'jet 
Puma,  pu'ma 
Pyrenees,  pir'g-nez 

Quebec,  kwe-bek' 
Quito,  ke'to 

Racine,  ra-sen' 

liainier,  ra'ner 

Raleigh,  ra'lg 

Khea,  re'a 

Rhine,  rin 

Rhone,  rSn 

Riode  Janeiro,  re'5  de  ja-na'ro 

Rio  Grande,  gran'da 

Rio  Negro,  na'gro 

Rochester,  roch'es-ter 

Rotterdam,  rot'er-d^m 

Roumelia,  roo-me'le-a 

Roumania,  roo-ma'ni-a 

Russia,  rush'^ 

Sacramento,  s3,k-ra-m6n'to 

Sahara,  sa-ha'ra 

Saint  Augustine,  sant  a'gus- 

ten 
Saint  Helena,  hg-le'na 


Saint  Lawrence,  la'rgns 

Saint  Louis,  loo'Is  or  loo'T 

Saint  Petersburg,  pe'terz-burg 

Salvador,  sal-va-dor' 

Samoa,  sa-mo'a 

San  Antonio,  sSn  an-to'ni-o 

San  Diego,  de-a'go 

San  Francisco,  fr3,n-sTs'k5 

San  Joaquin,  ho-a-ken' 

San  Jose,  ho-sa' 

San  Juan,  hoo-an' 

Santa  Fe,  sSn'ta  fa 

Santiago,  san-te-a'go 

Santo    Domingo,    san'to    do- 

men'go 
Sardinia,  sar-dinl-a 
Savannah,  sa-v3,n'a 
Scandinavia,  skan-di-na'vi-a 
Scotland,  skot'land 
Seattle,  se-St'l 
Seine,  san 
Selvas,  sel'vas 
Shanghai,  shang-hal 
Shoshone,  sho-sho'ne 
Shreveport,  shrev'port 
Siam,  si-Sm' 
Siberia,  si-be'ri-a 
Sicily,  sis'i-li 

Sierra  Madre,  se-er'a  ma'dra 
Singapore,  sin-ga-por' 
Sioux,  soo 
Sitka,  sit'ka 
Smyrna,  smer'na 
Spokane,  Spo-kJu' 
Steppes,  steps 
Stockholm,  stok'holm 
Strassburg,  straz'burg 
Sucre,  soo'kre 
Sudan,  soo-dan' 
Suez,  soo-ez' 
Sumatra,  soo-ma'tra 
Sweden,  swe'den 
Switzerland,  swit'zgr-land 
Sydney,  sid'ni 
Syracuse,  sTr'a-kus 
Syria,  sir'i-a 

Tacoma,  ta-ko'ma 
Taguan,  tag'wan 
Tahoe,  ta-ho' 
Tahlequah,  ta'le-kwa 
Tampa,  tSm'pa 
Tanganyika,  tan-gan-ye'ka 
Tapir,  ta'per 
Tashkend,  tash-kend' 
Tasmania,  t3,z'ma'nT-a 


Tchad,  chad 
Teheran,  tg-hran' 

Tennessee,  t6n-nes-se' 

Terre  Haute,  ter'e  hot' 

Thames,  t6mz 

Tiber,  ti'ber 

Tibet,  ti-b6t'  or  tib'et 

Tierra  del  Fuego,  te-6r'ra  d61 

fwa'go 
Tiflis,  tif-les' 
Tigris,  tl'gris 
Titicaca,  tlt-e-ka'ka 
Tokyo,  to'ke-o 
Topeka,  to-pe'ka 
Toronto,  to-ron'to 
Transvaal,  trS,ns-var 
Tripoli,  trlp'g-li 
Tucson,  too-son' 
Tulare,  too-la're 
Tunis,  tu'nis 
Turkestan,  toor-kis-tan' 

Ural,  u'ral 

Uruguay,  oo-roo-gwi' 
Utah,  u'ta  or  u'ta 

Valdai,  val'dl 
Valencia,  va-16n'shT-a 
Valparaiso,  val-pa-ri'so 
Vancouver,  vSn-koo'ver 
Venezuela,  v6n-g-zwe'la 
Venice,  vgn'is 
Vera  Cruz,  va'ra  kroos' 
Vermont,  ver-mont' 
Vesuvius,  v6-su'vi-us 
Vienna,  ve-6n'a 
Virginia,  ver-jTn'i-a 
Volga,  vol'ga 

Wabash,  wa'bash 
Wapiti,  w6p'i-ti 
Warsaw,  war'sa 
Welland,  wel'and 
Wellington,  wel'ing-tgn 
Winnipeg,  win'i-p6g 
Wisconsin,  wTs-kon'sin 
Worcester,  woos't§r 
Wyoming,  wi-o'ming 

Yangtze,  ySng'tzg 
Yak,  yak 

Yarkand,  yar-kand' 
Yokohama,  yo-ko-ha'ma 
Yosemite,  yo-sem'i-te 
Yucutan,  yoo-ka-tan' 
Yukon,  yoo'kon 


THE  ATHEN^UM  PRESS  •  Gil 


COMPANY  •  PROPRIETORS  •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


CFTHE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


^NivEn^. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST    >ATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

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WILL  BE  ASSESSED    FOR    FAILURE  TO   RETURN 
THIS   BOOK  ON   THE  DATE  DUE.      THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY     AND     TO     $1.00     ON     THE     SEVENTH     DAY 
OVERDUE. 

'''    3  1932 

RLC  D  LO 

OCT    4    ls32 

RUGl    1961 

m  tt  1933 

DEC  28  193"5 

FEB    15  1938 

fiEc%Yo^^ 

^^^^    1956 

• 

■ 

LD  21-50;n-8,-32 

YC    iOI33 


